Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the overall population (n=816).
| Variables | Values | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 73 (65, 79) | |
| Male, No. (%) | 329 (40.4) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.1 (22.1, 26.2) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 (121, 147) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71 (64, 80) | |
| Heart rate (per min) | 60 (50, 72) | |
| Smoking (n=670) | ||
| Never | 561 (83.7) | |
| Former/current | 109 (16.3) | |
| Alcohol (n=670) | ||
| Never | 557 (83.1) | |
| Former/current | 113 (16.9) | |
| CHA2DS2-VAS score* | 3 (2, 4) | |
| CHA2DS2-VAS score, group | ||
| 0 | 24 (2.9) | |
| 1 | 115 (14.1) | |
| ≥2 | 677 (83.0) | |
| CHF | 31 (3.8) | |
| Hypertension | 546 (66.9) | |
| Age ≥75 years | 364 (44.6) | |
| Diabetes | 228 (27.9) | |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 85 (10.4) | |
| Vascular disease | 80 (9.8) | |
| CKD | 64 (7.8) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 249 (30.5) | |
| Laboratory findings | ||
| Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 77.6 (62.0, 91.6) | |
| Free T4 (ng/dL) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | |
| TSH (µIU/mL) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.2) | |
| Echocardiography | ||
| LA diameter (mm) | 40 (36, 45) | |
| LVEF (%) | 65 (60, 70) | |
| E/Em | 11.6 (8.9 14.9) | |
| Electrocardiogram | ||
| PR interval (ms) | 184 (164, 204) | |
| QRS duration (ms) | 108 (90, 144) | |
| QTc interval (ms) | 455 (422, 488) | |
| Medications | ||
| ARB/ACEi | 358 (43.9) | |
| Beta blocker | 122 (15.0) | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 254 (31.1) | |
| Statin | 349 (42.8) | |
| Diuretics | 181 (22.2) | |
| Holter recording | ||
| APC >1% | 58 (7.1) | |
| VPC >1% | 54 (6.6) | |
| Pacemaker indication | ||
| Sick sinus syndrome | 342 (41.9) | |
| AV block | 474 (58.1) | |
The data are presented as number (%), mean±standard deviation, or median (interquartile interval). Non-parametric continuous variables, as assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov method, were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test.
ACEi = angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; AF = atrial fibrillation; APC = atrial premature complex; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; AV = atrioventricular; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CHF = congestive heart failure; CKD = chronic kidney disease; E/Em = the ratio of the early diastolic mitral inflow velocity (E) to the early diastolic mitral annular velocity (Em); GFR = glomerular filtration rate; LA = left atrium; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; QTc = corrected QT; TIA = transient ischemic attack; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; VPC = ventricular premature complex.
*The CHA2DS2-VAS score is a measure of the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, with scoring ranging from 0 to 9 and higher scores indicating greater risk. Congestive heart failure, hypertension, age 75 years or older (doubled), diabetes, stroke (doubled), vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, sex category (female).