TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics according to the GGT points calculated as the sum of points at four consecutive exams. (A) Male subjects (B) Female subjects
| Total | GGT points | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) | ||||||
| Male | N = 3,569,773 | 0 (n = 1,595,879) | 1 (n = 260,084) | 2 (n = 177,029) | 3 (n = 181,702) | 4 (n = 355,079) |
| Age, years | 42.41 ± 10.53 | 41.64 ± 10.84 | 43.19 ± 10.47 | 43.31 ± 10.13 | 43.64 ± 9.82 | 44.19 ± 9.29 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| None | 720,342 (28.03) | 511,103 (32.03) | 65,347 (25.13) | 39,900 (22.54) | 37,994 (20.91) | 65,998 (18.59) |
| Ex | 662,215 (25.77) | 410,064 (25.7) | 70,316 (27.04) | 47,571 (26.87) | 47,955 (26.39) | 86,309 (24.31) |
| Current | 1,187,216 (46.2) | 674,712 (42.28) | 124,421 (47.84) | 89,558 (50.59) | 95,753 (52.7) | 202,772 (57.11) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| None | 720,354 (28.03) | 540,201 (33.85) | 64,798 (24.91) | 36,701 (20.73) | 32,092 (17.66) | 46,562 (13.11) |
| Mild | 1,583,612 (61.62) | 952,992 (59.72) | 165,116 (63.49) | 114,805 (64.85) | 118,787 (65.37) | 231,912 (65.31) |
| Heavy | 265,807 (10.34) | 102,686 (6.43) | 30,170 (11.6) | 25,523 (14.42) | 30,823 (16.96) | 76,605 (21.57) |
| Regular PA | 790,381 (30.76) | 496,084 (31.09) | 80,897 (31.1) | 54,551 (30.81) | 55,753 (30.68) | 103,096 (29.03) |
| Lowest quartile of yearly income | 399,370 (15.54) | 244,182 (15.3) | 42,615 (16.39) | 28,596 (16.15) | 28,873 (15.89) | 55,104 (15.52) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.19 ± 3.01 | 23.55 ± 2.79 | 24.71 ± 2.91 | 25.1 ± 2.98 | 25.34 ± 3.03 | 25.64 ± 3.13 |
| WC (cm) | 83.14 ± 7.56 | 81.48 ± 7.16 | 84.46 ± 7.22 | 85.43 ± 7.25 | 86.08 ± 7.33 | 86.96 ± 7.45 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| None | 1,747,553 (68) | 1,178,083 (73.82) | 168,406 (64.75) | 108,469 (61.27) | 105,608 (58.12) | 186,987 (52.66) |
| IFG | 633,865 (24.67) | 343,650 (21.53) | 69,127 (26.58) | 50,151 (28.33) | 54,139 (29.8) | 116,798 (32.89) |
| DM | 188,355 (7.33) | 74,146 (4.65) | 22,551 (8.67) | 18,409 (10.4) | 21,955 (12.08) | 51,294 (14.45) |
| Fasting glucose (mg/Dl) | 97.2 ± 22.15 | 94.38 ± 18.25 | 98.47 ± 22.98 | 100.13 ± 24.85 | 101.84 ± 26.59 | 105.13 ± 29.72 |
| Hypertension | 543,619 (21.15) | 249,986 (15.66) | 63,584 (24.45) | 48,861 (27.6) | 55,827 (30.72) | 125,361 (35.31) |
| SBP | 123.78 ± 12.99 | 122 ± 12.45 | 124.88 ± 12.85 | 125.93 ± 13.02 | 126.8 ± 13.23 | 128.37 ± 13.68 |
| DBP | 77.98 ± 9.17 | 76.71 ± 8.79 | 78.75 ± 9.07 | 79.51 ± 9.16 | 80.19 ± 9.32 | 81.27 ± 9.6 |
| Dyslipidemia | 394,282 (15.34) | 169,026 (10.59) | 47,739 (18.36) | 37,512 (21.19) | 42,552 (23.42) | 97,453 (27.45) |
| HDL (mg/Dl) | 52.16 ± 13.63 | 52.38 ± 13.38 | 51.6 ± 13.93 | 51.57 ± 14.01 | 51.58 ± 13.9 | 52.18 ± 14.14 |
| LDL (mg/Dl) | 112.94 ± 32.32 | 112.28 ± 30.41 | 114.88 ± 33.13 | 114.76 ± 34.14 | 114.17 ± 35.16 | 112.95 ± 37.16 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/Dl) | 195.09 ± 34.85 | 190.25 ± 32.83 | 198.57 ± 34.96 | 201.16 ± 35.5 | 202.95 ± 36.32 | 207.29 ± 37.85 |
| Triglyceride (mg/Dl) | 129.81 (129.72–129.9) | 112.69 (112.6–112.78) | 141.48 (141.19–141.77) | 154 (153.61–154.38) | 164.57 (164.16–164.98) | 187.2 (186.86–187.54) |
| CKD | 97,299 (3.79) | 61,043 (3.83) | 10,196 (3.92) | 6,888 (3.89) | 6,863 (3.78) | 12,309 (3.47) |
| GFR (Ml/min/1.73 m2) | 88.86 ± 43.61 | 88.83 ± 44.55 | 88.57 ± 42.53 | 88.76 ± 43.04 | 88.97 ± 43.03 | 89.18 ± 40.64 |
| LC | 5771 (0.22) | 2,175 (0.14) | 728 (0.28) | 556 (0.31) | 627 (0.35) | 1,685 (0.47) |
| Hepatitis | 64,983 (2.53) | 34,279 (2.15) | 8,959 (3.44) | 5,446 (3.08) | 5,484 (3.02) | 10,815 (3.05) |
| ALT (IU/L) | 26.41 (26.4–26.43) | 22.44 (22.43–22.46) | 29.54 (29.49–29.6) | 32.15 (32.07–32.22) | 34.42 (34.34–34.51) | 40.07 (40–40.14) |
| AST (IU/L) | 25.9 (25.89–25.91) | 23.64 (23.63–23.65) | 27.11 (27.08–27.15) | 28.47 (28.43–28.51) | 29.84 (29.79–29.89) | 33.52 (33.47–33.56) |
| GGT (IU/L) | 36.3 (36.28–36.33) | 24.79 (24.78–24.81) | 43.21 (43.14–43.27) | 53.64 (53.54–53.73) | 66.15 (66.02–66.28) | 107.44 (107.26–107.61) |
| (B) | ||||||
| Female | ||||||
| n | N = 989,336 | 0 (n = 566,518) | 1 (n = 153,299) | 2 (n = 83,247) | 3 (n = 70,183) | 4 (n = 116,089) |
| Age, years | 41.61 ± 11.55 | 39.36 ± 11.04 | 42.51 ± 11.54 | 44.13 ± 11.57 | 45.34 ± 11.47 | 47.33 ± 10.9 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| None | 950,040 (96.03) | 547,422 (96.63) | 147,238 (96.05) | 79,376 (95.35) | 66593 (94.88) | 109411 (94.25) |
| Ex | 16,273 (1.64) | 8,976 (1.58) | 2,493 (1.63) | 1,454 (1.75) | 1294 (1.84) | 2056 (1.77) |
| Current | 23,023 (2.33) | 10,120 (1.79) | 3,568 (2.33) | 2,417 (2.9) | 2296 (3.27) | 4622 (3.98) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| None | 661,884 (66.9) | 383,621 (67.72) | 103,332 (67.41) | 55,147 (66.25) | 45838 (65.31) | 73946 (63.7) |
| Mild | 318,233 (32.17) | 179,199 (31.63) | 48,446 (31.6) | 26,984 (32.41) | 23345 (33.26) | 40259 (34.68) |
| Heavy | 9,219 (0.93) | 3698 (0.65) | 1,521 (0.99) | 1,116 (1.34) | 1000 (1.42) | 1884 (1.62) |
| Regular PA | 270,758 (27.37) | 155,736 (27.49) | 42,388 (27.65) | 22,839 (27.44) | 18923 (26.96) | 30872 (26.59) |
| Lowest quartile of yearly income | 365,612 (36.96) | 181,102 (31.97) | 61,625 (40.2) | 35,775 (42.97) | 31499 (44.88) | 55611 (47.9) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.45 ± 3.22 | 21.79 ± 2.82 | 22.56 ± 3.15 | 23.14 ± 3.39 | 23.64 ± 3.53 | 24.36 ± 3.71 |
| WC (cm) | 73.52 ± 8.28 | 71.77 ± 7.42 | 73.86 ± 8.07 | 75.36 ± 8.49 | 76.6 ± 8.78 | 78.47 ± 9.09 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| None | 805,990 (81.47) | 489,351 (86.38) | 124,149 (80.98) | 64,211 (77.13) | 51316 (73.12) | 76963 (66.3) |
| IFG | 148,818 (15.04) | 68,823 (12.15) | 24,264 (15.83) | 15,071 (18.1) | 14042 (20.01) | 26618 (22.93) |
| DM | 34,528 (3.49) | 8,344 (1.47) | 4,886 (3.19) | 3,965 (4.76) | 4825 (6.87) | 12508 (10.77) |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 91.41 ± 16.31 | 89.21 ± 12.41 | 91.39 ± 15.32 | 93.13 ± 17.79 | 94.99 ± 20.38 | 98.8 ± 25.3 |
| Hypertension | 130,992 (13.24) | 45,016 (7.95) | 21,361 (13.93) | 15,255 (18.32) | 15700 (22.37) | 33660 (28.99) |
| SBP | 116.17 ± 13.59 | 114.11 ± 12.72 | 116.63 ± 13.55 | 118.33 ± 14.04 | 119.76 ± 14.23 | 121.91 ± 14.56 |
| DBP | 72.92 ± 9.26 | 71.68 ± 8.83 | 73.17 ± 9.25 | 74.2 ± 9.46 | 75.08 ± 9.54 | 76.39 ± 9.73 |
| Dyslipidemia | 128,796 (13.02) | 45,810 (8.09) | 21,112 (13.77) | 14,928 (17.93) | 15084 (21.49) | 31862 (27.45) |
| HDL | 60.82 ± 15.16 | 61.63 ± 14.7 | 60.57 ± 15.3 | 59.93 ± 15.73 | 59.3 ± 15.65 | 58.74 ± 16.1 |
| LDL | 110.02 ± 31.3 | 106.75 ± 29.16 | 111.38 ± 31.72 | 113.91 ± 33.05 | 115.34 ± 33.97 | 118.18 ± 35.21 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 190.33 ± 34.94 | 185.48 ± 32.85 | 191.82 ± 35.03 | 195.68 ± 35.98 | 198.31 ± 36.74 | 203.37 ± 37.76 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 85.34 (85.25–85.42) | 76.5 (76.4–76.59) | 87.69 (87.47–87.91) | 95.8 (95.47–96.13) | 103.29 (102.89–103.69) | 115.13 (114.78–115.49) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 48,936 (4.95) | 27,549 (4.86) | 7,518 (4.9) | 4,180 (5.02) | 3570 (5.09) | 6119 (5.27) |
| Liver cirrhosis | 748 (0.08) | 225 (0.04) | 109 (0.07) | 64 (0.08) | 86 (0.12) | 264 (0.23) |
| Hepatitis | 20,457 (2.07) | 9,414 (1.66) | 3,632 (2.37) | 2,066 (2.48) | 1867 (2.66) | 3478 (3) |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 90.46 ± 32.28 | 91.31 ± 33.02 | 90.18 ± 32.08 | 89.63 ± 32.08 | 89.19 ± 31.83 | 88.01 ± 28.96 |
| ALT | 16.82 (16.81–16.84) | 14.74 (14.73–14.76) | 17.38 (17.34–17.41) | 19.11 (19.05–19.17) | 20.85 (20.78–20.92) | 24.6 (24.53–24.67) |
| AST | 21.38 (21.36–21.39) | 20.06 (20.05–20.08) | 21.64 (21.61–21.67) | 22.58 (22.54–22.63) | 23.6 (23.55–23.66) | 25.95 (25.89–26) |
| GGT | 17.53 (17.51–17.54) | 13.52 (13.51–13.53) | 18.15 (18.12–18.18) | 21.94 (21.89–21.99) | 26.28 (26.21–26.35) | 39.57 (39.46–39.69) |
Categorical variables are expressed as number (%); continuous variables are expressed mean ± standard deviation.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; GFR, Glomerular Filtration Rate; GGT, Gamma‐glutamyltransferase; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; PA, physical activity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WC, waist circumference.