Table 3.
Associations of parental history of diabetes with the risks for diabetes, prediabetes or impaired glucose metabolism in the overall cohort and the subpopulations stratified by sex and age
| Population | Multinomial logistic regression | Binomial logistic | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes | Prediabetes | P MH vs PH | Impaired glucose metabolism | P MH vs PH | ||||
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |||
| Overall cohort | (age, sex, BMI and parental history) | |||||||
| FH0 | As reference | — | As reference | — | 0.0909 | As reference | — | 0.0292* |
| PH | 2.01 (1.57–2.59) | <0.0001* | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 0.7276 | 1.28 (1.06–1.54) | 0.0094* | ||
| MH | 2.67 (2.21–3.23) | <0.0001* | 1.21 (0.99–1.47) | 0.0587 | 1.65 (1.42–1.91) | <0.0001* | ||
| FH2 | 6.37 (3.91–10.38) | <0.0001* | 2.17 (1.27–3.71) | 0.0046* | 3.45 (2.32–5.12) | <0.0001* | ||
| Males | (age, BMI and parental history) | |||||||
| FH0 | As reference | — | As reference | — | 0.2611 | As reference | — | 0.1932 |
| PH | 2.53 (1.81–3.52) | <0.0001* | 0.93 (0.66–1.32) | 0.6962 | 1.44 (1.11–1.88) | 0.0062* | ||
| MH | 2.77 (2.08–3.69) | <0.0001* | 1.35 (1.00–1.82) | 0.0501 | 1.80 (1.43–2.27) | <0.0001* | ||
| FH2 | 8.24 (3.77–17.98) | <0.0001* | 3.42 (1.56–7.48) | 0.0021* | 4.95 (2.65–9.23) | <0.0001* | ||
| Females | (age, BMI and parental history) | |||||||
| FH0 | As reference | — | As reference | — | 0.0040* | As reference | — | 0.0413* |
| PH | 1.32 (0.94–1.87) | 0.1134 | 1.00 (0.74–1.35) | 0.9846 | 1.09 (0.85–1.41) | 0.5002 | ||
| MH | 2.58 (2.02–3.30) | <0.0001* | 1.07 (0.84–1.36) | 0.5973 | 1.49 (1.24–1.80) | <0.0001* | ||
| FH2 | 4.98 (2.88–8.55) | <0.0001* | 1.28 (0.67–2.44) | 0.4480 | 2.36 (1.50–3.72) | 0.0002* | ||
| P Sex×parental history interaction | (age, sex, BMI, parental history, and sex parental history) | 0.0122* | 0.0379* | |||||
| Age <45 years | (age, sex, BMI and parental history) | |||||||
| FH0 | As reference | — | As reference | — | 0.6507 | As reference | — | 0.3557 |
| PH | 2.18 (1.47–3.23) | 0.0001* | 1.07 (0.79–1.43) | 0.6663 | 1.34 (1.04–1.73) | 0.0236* | ||
| MH | 2.50 (1.87–3.35) | <0.0001* | 1.25 (0.95–1.64) | 0.1068 | 1.56 (1.25–1.93) | 0.0001* | ||
| FH2 | 10.48 (5.00–21.95) | <0.0001* | 2.73 (1.35–5.53) | 0.0051* | 4.59 (2.62–9.05) | <0.0001* | ||
| Age ≥45 years | (age, sex, BMI and parental history) | |||||||
| FH0 | As reference | — | As reference | — | 0.0559 | As reference | — | 0.0171* |
| PH | 1.73 (1.25–2.40) | 0.0011* | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) | 0.1879 | 1.14 (0.87–1.50) | 0.3333 | ||
| MH | 2.68 (2.06–3.47) | <0.0001* | 1.12 (0.86–1.47) | 0.4101 | 1.72 (1.39–2.12) | <0.0001* | ||
| FH2 | 3.91 (2.17–7.04) | <0.0001* | 1.61 (0.72–3.57) | 0.2458 | 2.49 (1.48–4.17) | 0.0006* | ||
| P Age×parental history interaction | (age, sex, BMI, parental history and age × parental history) | 0.0111* | 0.0059* | |||||
All calculations were weighted on the basis of Chinese population data and the study sampling scheme. Multinomial logistic models were used to test the impact of each parental history category compared with negative parental history of diabetes (FH0) on the risk for diabetes and prediabetes. Binomial logistic models were used to test the impact of each parental history category compared with FH0 on the risk for impaired glucose metabolism. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The effects of maternal history of diabetes only (MH) on disease risk were compared with the effects of paternal history of diabetes only (PH) using the EFFECTS procedure. The interaction terms (sex × parental history, age × parental history) were further included in these models separately to examine the interaction effects. Variables included in the logistic models are denoted in parentheses. *P‐values <0.05.
BMI, body mass index; FH2, both parents affected with diabetes.