Table 4.
Associations of parental history of diabetes with the insulin secretion‐related and insulin resistance‐related indices in the overall cohort and subpopulations stratified by sex and age
| Population | Ln HOMA‐B | Ln Insulinogenic index | Ln HOMA‐IR | Ln ISIm | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | P | P MH vs PH | β (SE) | P | P MH vs PH | β (SE) | P | P MH vs PH | β (SE) | P | P MH vs PH | |
| Overall cohort | (age, sex, BMI and parental history) | |||||||||||
| FH0 | As reference | — | 0.2413 | As reference | — | 0.0809 | As reference | — | 0.0431* | As reference | — | 0.0054* |
| PH | −0.0381 (0.0332) | 0.2508 | −0.0602 (0.0504) | 0.2320 | 0.1343 (0.0267) | <0.0001* | −0.1566 (0.0243) | <0.0001* | ||||
| MH | −0.0910 (0.0334) | 0.0065* | −0.1866 (0.0550) | 0.0007* | 0.0662 (0.0227) | 0.0036* | −0.0716 (0.0203) | 0.0004* | ||||
| FH2 | −0.2623 (0.0989) | 0.0080* | −0.0595 (0.1145) | 0.6030 | 0.3254 (0.0696) | <0.0001* | −0.2402 (0.0721) | 0.0009* | ||||
| Males | (age, BMI and parental history) | |||||||||||
| FH0 | As reference | — | 0.7662 | As reference | — | 0.6864 | As reference | — | 0.0201* | As reference | — | 0.0069* |
| PH | −0.0887 (0.0548) | 0.1057 | −0.0748 (0.0784) | 0.3401 | 0.1647 (0.0445) | 0.0002* | −0.1979 (0.0396) | <0.0001* | ||||
| MH | −0.0663 (0.0570) | 0.2449 | −0.1220 (0.0917) | 0.1832 | 0.0357 (0.0369) | 0.3344 | −0.0636 (0.0328) | 0.0529 | ||||
| FH2 | −0.4252 (0.1755) | 0.0154* | −0.0202 (0.1580) | 0.8984 | 0.3052 (0.1139) | 0.0074* | −0.2081 (0.1238) | 0.0927 | ||||
| Females | (age, BMI and parental history) | |||||||||||
| FH0 | As reference | — | 0.0089* | As reference | — | 0.0390* | As reference | — | 0.9496 | As reference | — | 0.5170 |
| PH | 0.0101 (0.0373) | 0.7870 | −0.0766 (0.0636) | 0.2287 | 0.0924 (0.0293) | 0.0016* | −0.0999 (0.0272) | 0.0002* | ||||
| MH | −0.1155 (0.0332) | 0.0005* | −0.2523 (0.0604) | <0.0001* | 0.0947 (0.0260) | 0.0003* | −0.0777 (0.0235) | 0.0009* | ||||
| FH2 | −0.0977 (0.0780) | 0.2101 | −0.1070 (0.1651) | 0.5170 | 0.3431 (0.0784) | <0.0001* | −0.2708 (0.0664) | <0.0001* | ||||
| P Sex×parental history interaction | (age, sex, BMI, parental history and sex × parental history) | |||||||||||
| 0.1409 | 0.4180 | 0.2214 | 0.0712 | |||||||||
| Age <45 years | (age, sex, BMI and parental history) | |||||||||||
| FH0 | As reference | — | 0.6390 | As reference | — | 0.0987 | As reference | — | 0.0595 | As reference | — | 0.0048* |
| PH | −0.0275 (0.0424) | 0.5161 | 0.0093 (0.0628) | 0.8820 | 0.1154 (0.0306) | 0.0002* | −0.1623 (0.0288) | <0.0001* | ||||
| MH | −0.0555 (0.0458) | 0.2255 | −0.1470 (0.0753) | 0.0510 | 0.0386 (0.0297) | 0.1938 | −0.0581 (0.0255) | 0.0231* | ||||
| FH2 | −0.4087 (0.1557) | 0.0087* | −0.0782 (0.1539) | 0.6113 | 0.3530 (0.0749) | <0.0001* | −0.2379 (0.0821) | 0.0038* | ||||
| Age ≥45 years | (age, sex, BMI and parental history) | |||||||||||
| FH0 | As reference | — | 0.1295 | As reference | — | 0.7098 | As reference | — | 0.4551 | As reference | — | 0.5376 |
| PH | −0.0459 (0.0511) | 0.3693 | −0.1699 (0.0795) | 0.0327* | 0.1968 (0.0512) | 0.0001* | −0.1744 (0.0439) | 0.0001* | ||||
| MH | −0.1382 (0.0373) | 0.0002* | −0.2068 (0.0651) | 0.0015* | 0.1526 (0.0331) | <0.0001* | −0.1418 (0.0320) | <0.0001* | ||||
| FH2 | −0.0744 (0.1096) | 0.4969 | 0.0167 (0.1657) | 0.9196 | 0.3274 (0.1200) | 0.0064* | −0.2852 (0.1188) | 0.0164* | ||||
| P Age×parental history interaction | (age, sex, BMI, parental history and age × parental history) | |||||||||||
| <0.0001* | 0.1744 | 0.0176* | 0.0684 | |||||||||
All calculations were weighted on the basis of Chinese population data and the study sampling scheme. Regression analysis was used to determine the effects of parental history (negative parental history of diabetes [FH0] was used as reference) on the insulin secretion‐related or insulin resistance‐related indices (the homeostasis model assessment for β‐cell function [HOMA‐B], insulinogenic index; the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA‐IR], Matsuda Index [ISIm]). All non‐Gaussian distributed quantitative traits were natural logarithmically transformed before the regression analyses. Furthermore, the effects of maternal history of diabetes only (MH) on the dependent variables were compared with the effects of paternal history of diabetes only (PH) using the EFFECTS procedure. The interaction terms (sex × parental history, age × parental history) were further included in these models separately to examine the interaction effects. Variables included in the regression models are denoted in parentheses. *P‐values <0.05.
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FH2, both parents affected with diabetes; SE, standard error.