Table 2.
Biological effects provoked by long- and short-chain PFASs.
| Category | Study Type | PFASs | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endocrine disruption | Odense Child Cohort (adults, n = 210) | PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDeA | association between serum PFOS level and increased thyroid stimulating hormone; positive association between repeated measures of serum PFNA and total T4 level in women |
[41] |
| Cross-sectional (children, n = 85) | PFOA, PFNA, PFUnA, PFDA | disturbance of thyroid hormone homeostasis (differs between sexes) | [42] | |
| Obesity | Cross-sectional (adults, n = 1612) | PFOA, PFOS and other PFASs | positive association between PFASs exposure with overweight and increased waist circumference (with particular emphasis on the effect of PFOA on selected obesity parameters) | [43] |
| Odense Child Cohort (mother–child, n = 412) | PFOS, PFOA | each ln-unit increase in maternal serum PFOS and PFOA levels during pregnancy increased odds for overweight or/and obesity in children | [44] | |
| Odense Child Cohort (mother–daughter, n = 359) | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS | prenatal exposure to PFOA and PFOS was associated with girls % body fatness (except PFHxS and PFNA) | [45] | |
| Diabetes | Cross-sectional (adults, n = 7904) | PFOA | serum PFOA was positively associated with diabetes in men; PFOA disrupt cholesterol metabolism (at environmental relevant level) |
[46] |
| Odense Child Cohort (adults, n = 4129) | PFOA | no association between PFOA exposure and incidence of diabetes | [47] | |
| Reproductive disorders | Case-control (adult women, n = 367) | PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA and other | association between plasma PFDA level and significantly increased risk of PCOS-related infertility | [48] |
| In vitro (primary human placental cytotrophoblasts) | PFOS | apoptosis of human placental syncytiotrophoblasts) | [49] | |
| Odense Child Cohort (couples, n = 501) | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFOSA, PFDeA and other | associations between two perfluoroalkyl substances and menstrual cycle length changes (2–5% shorter menstrual cycles during PFOA exposure and 3% longer during PFDeA exposure); association between selected perfluoroalkyl substances and lower pregnancy probability | [50] | |
| Breast cancer | Odense Child Cohort (adult women, n = 388) | PFOS, PFOA | positive association between high concentrations of PFOS and breast cancer risk (for analyses that were restricted to expression of estrogen receptors: ER+/PR+ tumors) | [51] |
| Hepatotoxicity | Odense Child Cohort (adults, n = 1605) | PFOA, PFOS, their isomers and other | clinically significant hepatic cell dysfunction (abnormal liver function biomarkers: prealbumin and ALT level) | [52] |
| Cross-sectional (adults, n = 1016) | PFOA, PFOS, PFOSA, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS and other | positive association between the changes in activity of ALT, ALP, and GGT after PFASs exposure and changes in circulating bilirubin level | [53] | |
| Cross-sectional (adults, n = 30,723) | PFOA | association between PFOA and ALT, a marker of hepatocellular damage but no evidence that PFOA increases the risk of clinically diagnosed liver disease |
[54] | |
| Nephrotoxicity | Odense Child Cohort (adults, n = 1612) | PFOA, PFOS | negative association between PFASs exposure (except for PFOA and PFDA) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and positive association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) | [55] |
| Asthma | Cross-sectional (children, n = 456) | PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, PFDA, PFNA, PFHxS and other | significant inverse association between serum PFASs and CC16 (club cell secretory protein; biomarker of asthma) levels in asthmatics | [56] |
| Cross-sectional (children, n = 300) | PFOA, PFOS | positive association between serum PFASs level and impaired lung function in children (association was significant only in asthmatic children) | [57] | |
| Immunotoxicity | Cross-sectional (adult, n = 733) | PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA and other | strong positive associations between blood PFOS level and leucocyte telomere length | [58] |
| Odense Child Cohort(mother–child, n = 349) |
PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA | deficient antibody responses in children prenatally exposed to PFASs | [59] |
PFUnA, perfluoroundecanoic acid; PFDeA, perfluorodecanoic acid.