Table 4.
Total antioxidant activity/capacity reported for different red/black grape varieties grown in organic and conventional production systems in different countries/regions.
| Parameter Assessed | Production System | Country | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grape Type Grape Variety |
Organic | Conventional | ANOVA Results |
or Region (Study Type) |
Reference |
| TAATEAC (mM TE·L−1) | |||||
| Kotsifali | 13 ± 1.7 | 13 ± 1.7 | NS | GR (FS) | this study |
| Allison | 5 ± 0.4 | 4 ± 0.1 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Crimson | 9 ± 1.6 | 5 ± 0.6 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Flame | 3 ± 0.2 | 2 ± 0.3 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Sweet Celebration | 12 ± 2.0 | 15 ± 0.9 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Allison | 11 ± 0.1 | 7 ± 2.6 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Crimson | 9 ± 1.3 | 9 ± 0.9 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Flame | 14 ± 3.4 | 16 ± 4.9 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Scarlotta | 6 ± 0.8 | 5 ± 1.0 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Autumn Royal | 16 ± 3.2 | 13 ± 1.5 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Midnight Beauty | 30 ± 3.9 | 17 ± 2.6 | * | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Allison | 7 ± 0.7 | 6 ± 0.4 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Crimson | 5 ± 0.8 | 6 ± 0.6 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Bordo + Isabel | 52 ± 0.3 | 31 ± 0.2 | * | BR (RS) | [39] |
| Bordo | 131 ± 1.7 | 131 ± 1.7 | NS | BR (FS) | [7] |
| TAADPPH (mM TE·L−1) | |||||
| Kotsifali | 113 ± 2.7 | 115 ± 2.7 | NS | GR (FS) | this study |
| Sangioves | 25 ± 0.6 | 31 ± 3.2 | * | IT (FS) | [22] |
| Allison | 100 ± 3.4 | 102 ± 0.1 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Crimson | 97 ± 2.0 | 96 ± 1.5 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Flame | 51 ± 0.6 | 52 ± 2.4 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Sweet Celebration | 109 ± 6.4 | 108 ± 1.3 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Allison | 97 ± 3.5 | 102 ± 12.0 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Crimson | 103 ± 4.9 | 106 ± 6.4 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Flame | 157 ± 19.5 | 144 ± 28.3 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Scarlotta | 98 ± 4.4 | 90 ± 8.1 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Autumn Royal | 114 ± 8.3 | 105 ± 7.4 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Midnight Beauty | 160 ± 12.9 | 123 ± 14.2 | * | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Allison | 144 ± 2.7 | 142 ± 3.3 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Crimson | 141 ± 4.2 | 140 ± 1.6 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Lambrusco | 26 ± 1.0 | 20 ± 1.0 | * | IT (FS) | [22] |
| Bordo + Isabel | 54 ± 0.2 | 41 ± 0.7 | * | BR (RS) | [39] |
| Bordo | 77 ± 3.4 | 102 ± 1.7 | NS | BR (FS) | [7] |
| Bordo | 146 ± 1 | 126 ± 2 | * | BR (RS) | [40] |
| Napoca | 32 ± 1.4 | 25 ± 1.3 | NS | RO (FS) | [37] |
| Muscat Hamburg | 23 ± 0.1 | 23 ± 0.5 | NS | RO (FS) | [37] |
Means ± SE for the production system which resulted in significantly higher values are shown in bold. 1 Grape retail survey carried out in 2015; 2 grape retail survey carried out in 2012. Study type: FS, farm Survey; RS, retail survey. TAATEAC/TAADPPH, total antioxidant activity/capacity. Asterisks within the same row denote that the mean for organic grapes is significantly different from the mean for conventional grapes (p < 0.05); NS within the same row denotes that the mean for organic grape is not significantly different from the mean for conventional grapes (p > 0.05). GR, Greece; BR, Brazil; TR, Turkey; RO, Romania; FR, France; IT, Italy; SA, South Africa; MED, Mediterranean countries.