Table 5.
Total phenolic content (TPC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) reported for different red/black grape varieties grown in organic and conventional production systems in different countries.
| Parameter Assessed | Production System | Country | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grape Type Grape Variety |
Organic | Conventional | ANOVA Results |
or Region (Study Type) |
Reference |
| TPC (mg GAE·kg−1) | |||||
| Kotsifali | 1938 ± 187 | 1903 ± 94 | NS | GR (FS) | this study |
| Allison | 1838 ± 83 | 1866 ± 87 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Crimson | 1416 ± 101 | 1296 ± 47 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Flame | 2083 ± 299 | 1784 ± 243 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Sweet Celebration | 1824 ± 104 | 1804 ± 219 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Allison | 1768 ± 676 | 2058 ± 29 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Crimson | 2012 ± 113 | 1876 ± 109 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Flame | 2769 ± 462 | 2511 ± 347 | NS | MED (RS) | [15]2 |
| Scarlotta | 2159 ± 292 | 1494 ± 419 | * | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Autumn Royal | 2213 ± 559 | 1925 ± 535 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Midnight Beauty | 3173 ± 261 | 2435 ± 108 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Allison | 2154 ± 230 | 1914 ± 41 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Crimson | 1942 ± 188 | 2356 ± 178 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Bord±sabel | 3378 ± 50 | 2015 ± 22 | * | BR (RS) | [44] |
| Bordo | 2724 ± 56 | 3636 ± 72 | * | BR (FS) | [7] |
| Bordo | 3346 ± 17 | 1985 ± 56 | * | BR (RS) | [13] |
| Bordo | 146 ± 1 | 126 ± 2 | * | BR (RS) | [40] |
| Napoca | 1341 ± 21 | 1231 ± 21 | NS | RO (FS) | [37] |
| Muscat Hamburg | 978 ± 13 | 953 ± 10 | NS | RO (FS) | [37] |
| TAC (mg cyan·L−1) | |||||
| Kotsifali | 341 ± 48 | 372 ± 34 | NS | GR (FS) | this study |
| Allison | 109 ± 35 | 174 ± 15 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Crimson | 72 ± 12 | 131 ± 16 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Flame | 128 ± 28 | 75 ± 16 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Sweet Celebration | 97 ± 13 | 94 ± 8 | NS | SA (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Allison | 49 ± 5 | 118 ± 58 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Crimson | 67 ± 12 | 91 ± 16 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Flame | 93 ± 14 | 77 ± 11 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Scarlotta | 43 ± 10 | 196 ± 139 | * | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Autumn Royal | 177 ± 36 | 97 ± 99 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Midnight Beauty | 851 ± 110 | 499 ± 64 | * | MED (RS) | [15] 1 |
| Allison | 74 ± 21 | 208 ± 67 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Crimson | 81 ± 4 | 161 ± 58 | NS | MED (RS) | [15] 2 |
| Bordo | 341 ± 1 | 255 ± 1 | * | BR (RS) | [40] |
| Monastrell | 721 ± 35 | 518 ± 26 | * | SP (FS) | [1] |
| Syrah | 897 | 1277 | NS | FR (EX) | [2] |
Means ± SE for the production system which resulted in significantly higher values are shown in bold. 1 Grape retail survey carried out in 2015; 2 grape retail survey carried out in 2016. Study type: EX, field experiment; FS, farm survey; RS, retail survey. TPC, total phenolic concentration; TAC, total anthocyanin concentration. Asterisks within the same row denote that the mean for organic grapes is significantly different from the mean for conventional grapes (p < 0.05); NS within the same row denotes that the mean for organic grape is not significantly different from the mean for conventional grapes (p > 0.05). GR, Greece; BR, Brazil; TR, Turkey; RO, Romania; FR, France; IT, Italy; SA, South Africa; MED, Mediterranean countries.