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. 2021 Feb 23;10(2):477. doi: 10.3390/cells10020477

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Imbalance between BMP and TGF-β signaling in PAH. BMPs can bind both BMP and TGF-β receptors. BMP receptor signaling leads to pulmonary endothelial cell survival and inhibition of PASMC proliferation, whereas TGF-β receptor activation promotes PASMC proliferation and survival and adventitial fibrosis.