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. 2021 Feb 23;22(4):2224. doi: 10.3390/ijms22042224

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) characteristics of bacterial responses to light-based treatments. MIC values for bacterial strains resistant to light-based treatment are significantly higher than those for susceptible strains. Resistance is an acquired and inherited decline in the effectiveness of a given treatment (the need for higher concentrations of a photosensitizing agent); Tolerance is an acquired stable feature (the need for longer treatment duration to achieve the same killing efficacy regardless of the concentration of the photosensitizing agent); Persistence is a nonheritable and dormant phenotypic state (transient tolerance) represented by a small subpopulation (about 0.1–1%). Colored probes represent bacterial growth, and orange indicates growth inhibition due to phototreatment conditions leading to cell death. MIC values for strains expressing tolerance or persistence are similar to those of susceptible strains. Concentrations are chosen for illustration purposes only (modified from Brauner et al.).