Table 1.

Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) and antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) studies.

Ref.	Species	PS	Light Source	Methodology	Log10 Reduction	Inoculation Source	Tolerance
Bacteria
[36]	P. micros A. actinomycetemcomitans	GlamTMPn BOTHMPn	4 × 250 W tungsten lamps	10 cycles	Lethal a	Solid agar plates	No
[18]	E. coli S. aureus	MB	Non-thermal diode laser, 670 nm	11 cycles (E. coli) 25 cycles (S. aureus)	Sublethal	Surviving colonies from previous cycle	No
[19]	V. fischeri E. coli	Tri-Py+-Me-PF	13 × 18W OSRAM 21 lamps, 380–700 nm	10 cycles	Lethal	Single colony survivors from previous treatment used further as overnight culture	No
[20]	S. aureus P. aeruginosa	RLP068/Cl	Non-coherent halogen lamp, 600–700 nm	20 cycles	Lethal	From each sample, 10 µL was subcultured to perform subsequent cycles	No
[23]	S. aureus	-	SLD light probe/405 nm	7 cycles	No data	Irradiated cells were growing in solid medium, then subcultured on another fresh medium and finally used for next experimental stage	Yes
[22]	S. aureus	-	Tri-wave light ultrasound device, 464 nm, 850 nm; SLD light probe, 405 nm	7 cycles	No data	Irradiated cells grown in solid medium then subcultured on another fresh medium and used for next experimental stage	Yes
[24]	A. baumannii	-	Omnilux clear-U light- emitting diode array, 415 nm	10 cycles	Sublethal	Surviving bacterial cells from agar were collected and recultured for next cycle	No
[26]	P. aeruginosa	-	LED, 415 nm	Irradiation of Petri dish containing bacterial suspension (10 cycles)	Sublethal and lethal	Treated suspension	No (after 9th cycle surviving fraction was increased by 2 log10)
[27]	S. aureus	-	LED, 405 nm	15 cycles	Sublethal	Surviving colonies	No
[28]	S. aureus E. coli	ZnTnHex-2-PyP	Overhead projector OHP-3100 p, broad spectrum	Continuous growth under sublethal conditions for 48 h (10–20 cycles)	Sublethal	Treated suspension	No
[29]	P. aeruginosa A. baumannii E. coli	-	LED, 405 nm	20 cycles	Lethal	Single surviving colony	No (increased unstable aBL tolerance in 9th, 16th, and 17th cycles)
	P. aeruginosa (mouse skin abrasion wounds)	-	-	5 cycles	Sublethal	-	No
[30]	E. faecalis	Ce6 MB	No data	4 cycles	Sublethal and lethal	Single surviving colony from agar plate	No
[31]	S. aureus	RB -	LED, 515 nm LED, 411 nm	15 cycles	Sublethal	Treated suspension	Stable tolerance to RB-aPDI and aBL
[33]	S. agalactiae	RB	LED, 515 nm	15 cycles	Sublethal	Treated suspension	Stable tolerance
[32]	S. aureus E. coli	Zn-TBut4PyP	Tungsten lamp, 320–780 nm	10 cycles	Lethal	Single surviving colony	No
[35]	S. aureus	MB	Broadband visible light, 575–700 nm	7 cycles	Sublethal	Treated suspension	Stable tolerance (cross-tolerance to TBO-aPDI)
Viruses
[21]	T4-like phage	Tri-Py+-Me-PF	13 OSRAM 21 fluorescent lamps (18 W), 380–700 nm	10 cycles	Lethal	Phage suspension prepared from previous experimental cycle sample	No
Yeast
[25]	C. albicans	-	LED, 415 nm	10 cycles	Lethal	Surviving cells	Reduced aBL susceptibility with increasing number of cycles
[20]	C. albicans	RLP068/Cl	Non-coherent halogen lamp, 600–700 nm	20 cycles	Lethal	From each sample, 10 µL was subcultured to perform subsequent cycles	No

^a Cell viability reduction by 1–2 log₁₀ (sublethal treatment) and by >3 log₁₀ (lethal treatment). PS, photosensitizer; Ce6, chlorin chlorin-e6; GlamTMPn, (2,7,12,17-tetrakis(2-methoxy- ethyl)-9-glutaramidoporphycene); MB, methylene blue; RB, Rose Bengal; RLP068/Cl tetracationic Zn(II) phthalocyanine chloride; TMP, meso-tetra (N-methyl4-pyridyl) porphine tetra tosylate; Tri-Py+-Me-PF, tricationic porphyrin 5,10,15-tris(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-20-(pentafluorophe-nyl)porphyrin tri-iodide; Zn-TBut4PyP, tetracationic Zn-mesotetra-[4-N-(2‘-butyl) pyridyl]porphyrin; ZnTnHex-2-PyP, Zn(II) mesotetrakis (N-n-hexylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin.