Table 1.

Chemical or irritant-induced inflammation-related carcinogenesis models.

Host/Strain	Genetic Manipulation	Carcinogen	Irritant or Manipulation	Incidence and Duration	Inflammatory Reaction	Reference
Swiss H mouse	No	No	Mainstream cigarette smoke	Lung adenosquamous carcinomas (52%), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (20%), squamous cell carcinoma (18%), and squamous cell carcinoma in situ (5%) at 30 weeks	Mainstream cigarette smokes evoke chronic inflammation in the lungs	[20]
C57BL/6 mouse	No	B[a]p	LPS	Lung tumors (97%) at 30 weeks	↑ IL-1β, cleaved IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP3, NLRP6, and caspase-1	[23]
A/J mouse	No	NNK	LPS	Lung tumors (100%) at 27 weeks	LPS induces recruitment of macrophages and located at the periphery of the tumors ↑ NF-kB	[16]
C57BL/6 mouse	No	B[a]p	LPS	Non-small cell lung cancers (almost 100%) at 30 weeks	Acceleration of tumor malignancy by LPS-induced inflammation	[24]
BALB mouse	No	MCA	Butylated hydroxytoluene	Lung tumor (100%) at 20 weeks	Butylated hydroxytoluene-induced inflammation	[25]
WBN/Kob rat	No	No	Alloxan	Forestomach well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (20%) at 50 weeks	Accumulation of neutrophils and stimulation of superoxide production ↑ iNOS and COX-2	[35]
CD-1 mouse neonatal	No	No	Monosodium glutamate	HCC (43%) at 54 weeks	Infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and fibrosis	[57]
CD-1 mouse neonatal	No	DEN	Monosodium glutamate	Foci of cellular alteration (100%), adenoma (80%), and HCC (50%) at 21 weeks	Infiltration of macrophages and ROS ↑ TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, F4/80 and CCL2	[56]
F344 rat	No	DEN	Thioacetamine	Pre-neoplastic hepatocellular lesions and glutathione S-transferase placental (GST-P) form at 8 weeks	Induction of hepatic macrophages and CD3+ T cells ↑ IL-1ß, COX-2, HO-1, and MMP-12	[66]
C57BL/6 mouse	Gankyrinhep TG	No	CCl4	Hepatic tumors at 16 weeks	Chronic inflammation and fibrosis ↑ TGF-β, Collagen-1, and TIMP1	[72]
F344 rat	No	No	CCl4	HCC (6%) and hepatic altered cell foci at 104 weeks	Cirrhosis, fibrosis, and fatty changes	[68]
FVB mouse	K-rasG12D	No	Caerulein	Pancreatic cancer develop in K-rasG12D mice at 48 weeks. Caerulein shortened to 11 weeks. Caerulein formed high-grade pre-malignant PanIN at 4 weeks, and low-grade PanIN at 8 weeks and developed PDAC	There were foci of cancer cells that were surrounded by a reactive stroma characterized by smooth muscle actin expression	[76]
C57BL/6 mouse	K-rasG12V	No	Caerulein	Pancreatic cancer never developed in K-rasG12V mice at least until 80 weeks. Caerulein developed PDAC (100%) at 32 weeks	Caerulein induces chronic pancreatitis and fibrosis. Inflammatory infiltrates consisting of neutrophils and eosinophils, CD3+ T cells and B cells, and macrophages	[144]
Sprague-Dawley rat	No	No	Carrageenan	Colorectal squamous cell carcinoma (20%), adenocarcinoma (13%), adenoma (5%), and metaplasia (98%) at 96 weeks	Induction of colitis	[145]
Wister Furth rat	No	DMBA	No	Mammary carcinoma resistant strain	↑CX3CL1, IL11RA, IL-4, C3, CCL11, ITGB2, CXCL12, and CXCR7 ↓ CCL20	[146]
Sprague-Dawley rat	No	No	Carrageenan	Rectal squamous metaplasia and colonic adenomatous polyps at 24 weeks	Acute and chronic inflammatory, in which aggregation of macrophages in the lamina propria and submucosa	[147]
Wister rat	No	No	Carrageenin	Sarcomas (15%) at 93 weeks and 28% at 118 weeks	Neutrophils and macrophages with phagocytosed carrageenin, fibroblasts and mature collagen fibers were formed	[148]
Syrian hamster	No	No	DSS	Colorectal adenocarcinoma (50%), adenoma (13%), and dysplasia (50%) at 26 weeks	Infiltration of neutrophils	[81]
CBA mouse	No	No	DSS	Colorectal adenocarcinoma (8%) and dysplasia (52%) at 27 weeks	Focal inflammatory cell infiltration including neutrophils and gland loss or crypt abscess formation; mucosal ulceration was observed by DSS treatment	[149]
ACI rat	No	No	DSS	Colorectal papilloma (53%), adenoma (3%), squamous cell carcinoma (13%), adenocarcinoma (17%), cecum adenocarcinoma (3%), and intestinal tumor (73%) formed until 94 weeks		[150]
ACI rat	No	No	DSS	Colon adenoma (19%), adenocarcinoma (19%), papilloma (12%), cecum adenoma (23%), adenocarcinoma (8%), and intestinal tumor (58%) until 31 weeks	Infiltration of inflammatory cells and hemorrhage	[151]
C57BL/6 mouse	TSP-1−/−	No	DSS	Colonic dysplasia (66%) at 12 weeks	No significant changes in inflammation were observed between the genotypes; myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was higher in the colon of TSP-1−/− mice ↑ VEGF and bFGF	[82]
CD-1 mouse	No	DMH	Chrysazin	Colonic adenocarcinoma (48%) and adenoma (57%) at 54 weeks	Mucosal gland was hypertrophic and infiltration of inflammatory cells with fibrosis in submucosal areas	[152]
C57BL/6 mouse	KK-Ay	AOM	No	Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (100%) and colorectal tumor including well- and moderate-differentiated adenocarcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma (87%) at 25 weeks	Macrophage infiltration ↑ CSF1, IL-1ß, MCP1, and OPN	[103]
CBA mouse	No	AOM	DSS	Colorectal tumors at 11 weeks	Infiltration of inflammatory cells on the left side of the large intestine followed by the transverse colon	[83]
CD-1 mouse	No	AOM	DSS	Colonic adenocarcinoma (100%) and adenoma (38%) at 20 weeks	β-catenin-, COX2- and iNOS-positive inflammatory cells were infiltrated into mucosal ulceration	[80]
F344 rat	No	AOM	DSS	Aberrant crypts foci at 6 weeks	-	[153]
C57BL/6 mouse	No	AOM	DSS Chronic subordinate colony housing	Colonic dysplasia (100%) at 27 weeks	Increase regulatory CD3+FoxP3+ cells within mesenteric lymph node ↑ TNF, FoxP3, COX-2, and ß-catenin ↓ IFN-γ	[90]
C57BL/6 mouse	Lf−/−	AOM	DSS	Colonic dysplasia (31%) at 18 weeks	Acceleration of colitis ↑ IL-1ß, IL-6, CXCL1, MCP1, TNF-α, IFN-γ, NF-κB, and COX-2	[104]
C57BL/6 mouse	Nrf2−/−	AOM	DSS	Colonic tumors (93%) at 20 weeks and tumors consisted of adenomas (20%) and adenocarcinomas (80%)	Increased stromal nitrotyrosine-positive cells ↑ COX-2 (PGE2) and 5-LOX (LTB4)	[154]
C57BL/6 mouse	Syndecan-1−/−	AOM	DSS	Colonic adenomas (100%) with high-grade dysplasia at 9 weeks	Severe inflammation especially macrophage infiltration ↑ IL-6 and CCL2	[106]
C57BL/6 mouse	TLR2−/−	AOM	DSS	Large colorectal tumors, higher grade dysplasia (carcinoma in situ), and ACF at 9 weeks	Increased inflammatory cell infiltration ↑ IL-6, IL-17A, and phospho-STAT3	[155]
C57BL/6 mouse	No	AOM	TNBS	Aberrant crypts foci at 6 weeks	Severe colonic inflammation, mainly neutrophils and edema of submucosal and muscle layers	[87]
Wister rat	No	No	Ferric nitrilotriacetate	Renal adenoma or adenomatous hyperplasia (58%) and adenocarcinoma (54%) at 36 weeks	Acute nephrotoxicity in the proximal tubular epithelium and ROS generation by Fe2+ through Fenton reaction	[127]
F344 rat	No	No	Nickel subsulfide plus magnesium carbonate or iron	Renal mesenchymal tumors formed nickel alone (63%), nickel + magnesium (20%), and nickel + iron (60%) until 104 weeks	Nickel induced necrosis, inflammation (macrophages), fibrosis in the proximal tubular epithelium at the injection site	[128]
SKH-1 hairless mouse	Ptch1+/−	No	UVB	Basal cell carcinoma (100%) at 30 weeks	Recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), dendritic cells, NK cells, T cells, and B cells	[133]
Balb/c nude mouse	Xpa−/−	No	UVB	Skin tumor formation at 25 weeks	Neutrophil infiltration and ROS generation ↑ CXCL1, PGE2, TNF-α, and 8-OHdG	[134]

Abbreviations used are AOM, Azoxymethane; B[a]p, Benzo[a]pyrene; CCl₄, carbon tetrachloride; DEN, N-diethylnitrosamine; DMBA, 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene; DMH, 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine; DSS, Dextran sulfate sodium; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; iNOS; inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MCA, 3-methylcholanthrene; NNK, nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone]; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; TNBS, 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; and UVB, ultraviolet B.