Table 4.
Infection-induced inflammation-related carcinogenesis models.
| Host/Strain | Genetic Manipulation | Carcinogen | Irritant or Manipulation | Incidence and Duration | Inflammatory Reaction | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 129Sv-C57BL/6 mouse | CCSPCre-Neo/LSL–K-rasG12D | No | Haemophilus influenzae | Lung papillary adenoma and adenocarcinoma at 48 weeks | Neutrophil, macrophage, and CD8 T cells associated COPD-like airway inflammation | [21] |
| Mongolian gerbil | No | MNU | Helicobacter pylori | Gastric carcinoma (56%) and sarcoma (13%) at 75 weeks. Adenocarcinoma consisted of poorly differentiated (22%), signet ring cell (11%), and well-differentiated types (67%) | Active chronic gastritis, erosions, hyperplasia, and marked infiltration of inflammatory cells | [29] |
| C57BL/6 mouse | No | MNU | Helicobacter pylori | Gastric (antrum) adenoma (24%), adenocarcinoma (41%) comprised tubular adenocarcinoma (66%) and singlet-ring cell carcinoma (33%) at 50 weeks | Infiltrations of lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils were present in the lamina propria/submucosa and formation of lymphoid follicles ↑ TNF-α, TGF-ß, IL-6, IFN-γ, and LT-ß |
[32] |
| C57BL/6 mouse | No | No | Helicobacter felis | Gastric adenocarcinoma (50%) at 12 months and 100% over 60 weeks | Approximately 4 months after infectious inflammation became prominent and seen as both submucosal and intramucosal infiltrates | [166] |
| C57BL/6 mouse | Rag2−/− | No | Helicobacter pylori | - | Gastroduodenitis formed extensive infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa with lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils | [34] |
| Woodchuck | No | No | Woodchuck hepatitis virus | HCC (23%) around 236 weeks | Active hepatitis including neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes | [167] |
| C57BL/6 mouse | HCV core protein TG | No | No | Hepatic adenoma at 64 weeks and HCC (26–31%) until 76 weeks | Hepatic steatosis, lymphoid follicle formation, and eosinophilic cell infiltration ↑ TNF-α, IL-1β, MAPK, and ROS |
[168] |
| C57BL/6 mouse | HBV HBsAg TG | No | No | HCC (91%) at 60 weeks | Activation of NF-κB pathway and inflammatory response ↑ ALT, AST, CD34, CD90, CD133, Sca1, Epcam, AFP, SOX9, and NF-κB |
[43] |
| Syrian golden hamster | No | NDMA | Opisthorchis viverrine | Cholangiofibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma (100%) at 22 weeks | Eosinophils, neutrophils, or macrophages observed in the glandular lumen | [169] |
| Syrian golden hamster | No | NDMA | Opisthorchis viverrine | Cholangiocarcinoma (100%) at 24 weeks | Biliary epithelium is markedly inflamed ↑ IL-6 |
[52] |
| Syrian golden hamster | No | No | Opisthorchis felineus | Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia at 48 weeks | Granulomatous inflammation, monocytes, and eosinophil infiltration in the portal area in response to entrapped parasite eggs | [50] |
Abbreviations used are MNU, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and NDMA, N-nitrosodimethylamine.