Table 5.
Foreign body-induced inflammation-related carcinogenesis models.
| Host/Strain | Genetic Manipulation | Carcinogen | Irritant or Manipulation |
Incidence and Duration | Inflammatory Reaction | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C57BL/6 mouse | No | NDMA | Silica | Lung adenocarcinoma (>60%) at 48 weeks | Infiltration of T cells, B cells, neutrophils, and monocyte/macrophage cells | [170] |
| Fisher F344/NCr rat | No | No | Silica | Lung tumor (90%) composed of adenocarcinoma (84%), mixed carcinoma (8%), and squamous cell carcinoma (8%) at 68 weeks | Formation of silica granulomas, which consist of aggregates of activated macrophages and lymphoid cells ↑ ILs, TNF-α, TGF-ß, and ROS/NO |
[18] |
| Balb/c mouse | No | NDMA | Silica | Lung adenoma (75%) at 26 weeks and adenocarcinoma (70%) at 48 weeks | Chronic inflammation ↑ TGF-ß, PD-1, LAG3, MCP-1, and FOXP3 |
[22] |
| F344 rat | No | No | Libby amphibole asbestos | Bronchiolar/alveolar adenoma or carcinoma (8%) at 31 weeks | Neutrophils and macrophages are predominantly infiltrated ↑ IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, CXCL1, CXCL2, pAkt, pMEK1/2, and pSTAT3 ↓ IFN-γ |
[17] |
| F344 rat | No | No | Amosite asbestos | Bronchiolar/alveolar adenoma or carcinoma (4%) at 31 weeks | Neutrophil infiltration ↑ IL-1ß, TNF-α, and CXCL1 |
[17] |
| Sprague-Dawley rat | human c-Ha-ras 128 Tg | DHPN | Titanium dioxide | Lung alveolar hyperplasia (100%) and adenoma (36%) at 16 weeks | Aggregates of TiO2 were localized exclusively in alveolar macrophages ↑ MIP1α and 8-OHdG |
[19] |
| KSN nude mouse | No | No | Plastic plate | Colonic adenoma cells converted into moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (65%) at 21 weeks | Plate-elicited chronic inflammation especially stromal reaction, but not acute inflammation is needed for tumorigenic conversion | [108] |
| SHR rat | No | No | Plastic plate | Non-tumorigenic cells converted into tumorigenic mammary tumor (100%) until 12 weeks | Neutrophils and macrophages are infiltrated into the periphery of the implanted plastic plate and proliferation of fibroblasts with lymphoid cells | [113] |
| C57BL/6 mouse | No | No | Plastic plate | Nontumorigenic cells converted into tumorigenic sarcoma (58%) until 6 weeks | Early phase of inflammation | [136] |
| C57BL/6 mouse | p53+/- | No | Plastic plate | Sarcoma formed in untreated (20%) and implanted with plastic plate (79%) at 70 weeks | Implanted plastic plate were covered by fibrous tissue capsules with accumulation of inflammatory cells in the surrounding stromal tissues ↑ ROS and RNS |
[143] |
| C57BL/6 mouse | No | No | Gelatin sponge | Nontumorigenic cells converted into tumorigenic sarcoma (59%) until 6 weeks | Gelatin sponge-reactive inflammatory cells converted non-tumorigenic cells into tumorigenic ones | [137] |
Abbreviation used was DHPN, Di(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine.