Table 1.
Results of lipid, protein, and DNA-related oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidative enzymes.
| Variables | Test #1 | Test #2 (6-Week Probiotic/Placebo Intake) | Test #1 vs. Test #2 | Between-Group Difference p Value F Snedecor |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Mean (SE) | After Exercise Mean (SE) | Mean Difference (95% CI), p Value |
Baseline Mean (SE) | After Exercise Mean (SE) | Mean Difference (95% CI), p Value |
Δ Mean Difference (95% CI) p Value |
||
| Urinary isoprostane, pg/day | ||||||||
| Placebo group | 1.3 (0.5) | 2.5 (0.7) | 1.2 (0.5 to 1.9) p = 0.05 |
1.2 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.7) | 0.9 (0.3 to 1.5) p < 0.05 |
–0.3 (−0.8 to 0.2) p = 0.292 |
p = 0.213 F = 1.601 |
| Probiotic group | 2.1 (0.5) | 3.3 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.0) p < 0.05 |
2.2 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.0) p < 0.001 |
0.1 (−0.3 to 0.7) p = 0.476 |
|
| Serum MDA, ng/mL | ||||||||
| Placebo group | 347.4 (84.8) | 491.1 (145.3) | 143.7 (−25.8 to 313.2) p = 0.094 |
312.9 (64.3) | 454.4 (113.3) | 141.5 (−52.8 to 335.8) p = 0.149 |
−2.2 (−147 to 142.6) p = 0.975 |
p < 0.05 F = 4.195 |
| Probiotic group | 433.2 (82.9) | 687.4 (142.0) | 254 (88 to 419.8) p < 0.05 |
358 (62.9) | 404.6 (110.7) | 46.6 (−143 to 236.4) p = 0.623 |
–207.6 (−0.341 to −66.1) p < 0.05 |
|
| Serum Ox-LDL, pg/mL | ||||||||
| Placebo group | 740.3 (82.9) | 899.6 (64.1) | 159.3 (81.9 to 236.7) p < 0.001 |
779.9 (64.2) | 977.4 (78.4) | 196.6 (83.0 to 310.2) p < 0.05 |
37.3 (−83.5 to 158.0) p = 0.536 |
p < 0.063 F = 3.653 |
| Probiotic group | 646.2 (60.1) | 809.0 (62.6) | 162.9 (87.2 to 238.5) p < 0.001 |
772.9 (67.6) | 813.3 (77.1) | 40.4 (−70.6 to 151.4) p = 0.467 |
−122.5 (−240 to −4.5) p < 0.05 |
|
| Urinary 8-OHdG, pg/day | ||||||||
| Placebo group | 10.7 (0.2) | 23.1 (3.8) | 12.4 (8.3 to 16.6) p < 0.001 |
11.8 (2.4) | 23.4 (3.3) | 11.5 (8.1 to 15.0) p < 0.001 |
−0.9 (−4.6 to 2.8) p = 0.620 |
p < 0.001 F = 15.144 |
| Probiotic group | 13.3 (2.0) | 29.0 (3.7) | 15.7 (11.6 to 19.7) p < 0.001 |
13.6 (2.4) | 18.4 (3.2) | 4.8 (1.4 to 8.1) p < 0.001 |
−10.9 (−14.5 to −7.3) p < 0.01 |
|
| Serum protein carbonyl, pmol/mg protein | ||||||||
| Placebo group | 124.0 (16.3) | 160.0 (18.0) | 36.0 (18.4 to 53.6) p < 0.001 |
112.4 (19.9) | 162.0 (20.6) | 49.6 (32.6 to 66.2) p < 0.001 |
13.6 (−4.4 to 31.6) p = 0.135 |
p = 0.434 F = 0.625 |
| Probiotic group | 166.8 (15.9) | 204.2 (17.6) | 37.4 (20.1 to 54.6) p < 0.001 |
162.9 (17.5) | 204 (20.1) | 41.1 (24.8 to 57.3) p < 0.001 |
3.7 (−13.9 to 21.3) p = 0.671 |
|
| Serum GPx, pg/mL | ||||||||
| Placebo group | 526.9 (84.9) | 788.0 (92.1) | 261.1 (162.2 to 360.0) p < 0.001 |
633.8 (80.3) | 1111.7 (214.5) | 477.8 (112.5 to 843.2) p < 0.05 |
216.7 (−156.4 to 598.9) p = 0.248 |
p = 0.253 F = 1.598 |
| Probiotic group | 473.4 (83.0) | 594.8 (90.0) | 121.4 (24.7 to 218.0) p < 0.05 |
598.5 (78.4) | 610.0 (209.6) | 11.6 (−345.4 to 368.5) p = 0.948 |
−109.9 (−474.4 to 254.7) p = 0.546 |
|
| Serum SOD, ng/mL | ||||||||
| Placebo group | 24.1 (2.6) | 34.5 (3.3) | 10.5 (5.9 to 15.1) p < 0.001 |
22.1 (2.2) | 29.9 (2.7) | 7.8 (3.7 to 11.9) p < 0.001 |
−2.9 (−8.6 to 3.2) p = 0.358 |
p = 0.267 F = 1.274 |
| Probiotic group | 29.2 (2.6) | 33.1 (3.3) | 3.9 (−0.7 to 8.5) p = 0.094 |
24.9 (2.2) | 30.7 (2.7) | 5.8 (1.7 to 10) p < 0.05 |
2 (−4 to 7.8) p = 0.511 |
|
SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval; MDA: malondialdehyde; Ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; F: F-Snedecor.