Table 1.
Participant characteristics (n = 284).
| Variables | n (%) | Mean (SD) | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | <35 | 243 (86.2) | 30.7 (3.6) | 20–48 |
| ≥35 | 39 (13.8) | |||
| Education | High school | 43 (15.3) | ||
| College | 206 (73.1) | |||
| Graduate | 33 (11.7) | |||
| Employment | No | 214 (76.7) | ||
| Yes | 65 (23.3) | |||
| Household income | Very Low | 35 (12.7) | ||
| Low | 171 (62.2) | |||
| Medium | 52 (18.9) | |||
| High | 17 (6.2) | |||
| Planned pregnancy | No | 94 (33.6) | ||
| Yes | 186 (66.4) | |||
| Trimester | 1st | 22 (7.8) | 10.9 (2.3) | 4–13 |
| 2nd | 129 (45.7) | 22.4 (3.7) | 14–27 | |
| 3rd | 131 (46.5) | 32.2 (3.1) | 28–40 | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | Underweight | 39 (14.2) | 20.9 (2.6) | 16.0–32.5 |
| Normal weight | 188 (68.6) | |||
| Overweight/obese | 47 (17.2) | |||
| Pre-pregnancy regular exercise | No | 165 (58.5) | ||
| Yes | 117 (41.5) | |||
| Pre-pregnancy drinking | No | 132 (47.0) | ||
| Yes | 149 (53.0) | |||
| Pre-pregnancy smoking | No | 246 (87.9) | ||
| Yes | 34 (12.1) | |||
| Depressive symptom | Non-depressed (≤15) | 227 (79.9) | 10.2 (8.0) | 0–38 |
| Depressed (≥16) | 57 (20.1) | |||
| Pregnancy stress | 51.3 (11.1) | 20–95 |
BMI = body mass index.