Figure 1.

A model depicting the dual/mixed roles of signaling molecules/pathways involved in the maintenance/upkeep and/or reversal of HIV latency. Some of these molecules/pathways show effects in both reversion and/or upkeep, depending on the upstream/downstream molecules involved and compounds, agents, and molecules used during cell culture/stimulation conditions. Targeting these regulatory molecules/pathways with various agents, drugs, vaccines, or antibodies may lead to new therapeutics for viral reactivation and latency reversal, or perhaps even upkeep/maintenance. In addition, manipulating these individual effectors at the genetic or epigenetic level may also affect either latency reversal or maintenance. Components associated with effector protein family or signaling cascades such as JAK/STAT and TOX can play dual roles. Understanding the roles of these effectors, as well as their working conditions, may facilitate targeting those molecules/pathways to cure HIV.