Table 3.
Effects of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents on the growth performance of pigs challenged with deoxynivalenol, alone or in combination with other mycotoxins.
| Mycotoxin, Concentration (mg/kg) | n | BW Range (kg) | Duration (days) | Mycotoxin-Detoxifying Agent | Change in Growth Performance (%) | Reference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inorganic | Yeast | Other | ADG | ADFI | G:F | |||||
| DON, 1 | 120 | 10 to 20 | 23 | Acid-activated bentonite and clinoptilolite | Yeast cell wall | Organic acids | +5.0 | +4.7 | 0.0 | [60] |
| DON, 2.3 | 36 | 7.5 to 16.5 | 21 | - | Hydrolyzed yeast cell wall | Organic acids, vitamins, and essential oils | +5.4 | +5.6 | +9.0 | [57] |
| DON, 2.6 | 120 | 7 to 10 | 14 | Acid-activated bentonite and clinoptilolite | Yeast cell wall | Organic acids | +28.9 | +19.8 | +7.5 | [60] |
| DON, 3.2 | 36 | 8.19 to 20.73 | 34 | Bentonite | Yeast culture | Diatomaceous earth and kelp | +11.8 | +4.7 | +6.0 | [13] |
| DON, 3.2 | 36 | 8.19 to 20.55 | 34 | Organo-aluminosilicate clays | Yeast cell walls | Plant extracts, triglycerides, calcium propionate, and antioxidants | +7.4 | +3.1 | +4.5 | [13] |
| DON, 3.2 | 36 | 8.21 to 20.44 | 34 | Sepiolite and bentonite | Inactivated yeast and fermentation extracts | Propyl gallate, calcium propionate, milk thistle seed, rosemary, licorice root, and boldo | +4.1 | −0.8 | +3.0 | [13] |
| DON, 3.82 | 30 | 6.9 to 11.2 | 14 | - | - | Sodium metabisulfite, organic acids, vitamins, and amino acids | +60.0 | +13.8 | +36.2 | [64] |
| DON, 4.2 | 126 | 13.4 to 22.4 | 21 | Adsorbent clays | - | Preservatives | −10.1 | −9.0 | −1.6 | [63] |
| DON, 4.41 | 30 | 7.0 to 10.9 | 14 | - | Yeast extract | Live bacteria, enzymes, and plant extracts | +19.5 | +12.8 | +5.2 | [64] |
| DON, 4.66 | 30 | 6.9 to 10.6 | 14 | - | Yeast glucomannan | - | +1.8 | +6.9 | −8.6 | [64] |
| DON, 4.65 | 30 | 6.9 to 10.7 | 14 | Aluminosilicate | - | - | +7.3 | 0.0 | +6.9 | [64] |
| DON, 4.45; FB1, 0.76; ZEA, 0.44 | 780 | 22.9 to 104.6 | 115 | - | - | Sodium metabisulfite, organic acids, vitamins, and amino acids | +9.1 | +5.6 | +3.0 | [40] |
| DON, 4.45; FB1, 0.76; ZEA, 0.44 | 780 | 22.8 to 103.3 | 115 | Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate and silicon dioxide | Hydrolyzed yeast | - | +4.5 | +3.4 | +0.8 | [40] |
| AFL, 0.18; FUM, 9; DON, 1 | 48 | 6 to 29 | 36 | Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate | Yeast cell wall | Algae | 0.0 | −3.9 | +4.3 | [65] |
BW, body weight; ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake; G:F, gain-to-feed ratio; AFL, aflatoxins; DON, deoxynivalenol; FUM, fumonisins; ZEA, zearalenone; FB1, fumonisin B1.