Table 5.
Baseline characteristics of dementia cases and non-cases by rMED score group in the EPIC-Spain Dementia Cohort study (N = 16,160).
| Non-Cases (n = 15,701) | Cases (n = 459) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 3114) |
Medium (n = 8163) |
High (n = 4424) |
p | Low (n = 85) |
Medium (n = 235) |
High (n = 139) |
p | |||||||
| Age (y) | 47.1 | (11.6) | 48.1 | (12.0) | 49.6 | (12.0) | <0.001 | 59.4 | (8.6) | 60.0 | (7.6) | 59.1 | (6.9) | 0.431 |
| Female sex | 2137 | (68.6%) | 4725 | (57.9%) | 2112 | (47.7%) | <0.001 | 59 | (69.4%) | 137 | (58.3%) | 69 | (49.6%) | 0.014 |
| Low educational level 1 | 2265 | (72.7%) | 5832 | (71.4%) | 3118 | (70.5%) | 0.102 | 78 | (91.8%) | 203 | (86.4%) | 126 | (90.7%) | 0.276 |
| Smoking | <0.001 | 0.574 | ||||||||||||
| Never | 1644 | (54.1%) | 4337 | (53.2%) | 2232 | (50.5%) | 58 | (68.2%) | 163 | (69.4%) | 85 | (61.2%) | ||
| Former | 429 | 13.8%) | 1483 | (18.2%) | 972 | (22.0%) | 12 | (14.1%) | 33 | (14.0%) | 23 | (16.6%) | ||
| Current | 999 | (32.1%) | 2339 | (28.7%) | 1217 | (27.5%) | 15 | (17.7%) | 39 | (16.6%) | 31 | (22.3%) | ||
| Overweight or obese | 2327 | (74.7%) | 6309 | (77.3%) | 3503 | (79.2%) | <0.001 | 77 | (90.6%) | 198 | (84.3%) | 127 | (91.4%) | 0.085 |
| Elevated waist circumference 2 | 1288 | (41.4%) | 3423 | (41.9%) | 1798 | (40.6%) | 0.371 | 48 | (56.5%) | 143 | (60.9%) | 87 | (62.6%) | 0.656 |
| Leisure time physical activity (MET 3·h/week) 4 | 99.8 | (95.0) | 86.6 | (92.9) | 78.1 | (87.2) | <0.001 | 117.3 | (119.5) | 91.5 | (88.2) | 85.3 | (82.5) | 0.013 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2007.5 | (625.0) | 2055.3 | (684.0) | 2120.4 | (673.8) | <0.001 | 1,909.5 | (487.0) | 1,964.2 | (692.4) | 2,029.8 | (695.9) | 0.724 |
| Potatoes (g/day per 2000 kcal) | 63.9 | (52.7) | 72.2 | (54.0) | 77.4 | (55.3) | <0.001 | 61.2 | (41.8) | 73.4 | (52.1) | 83.3 | (59.9) | 0.002 |
| Vegetables (g/day per 2000 kcal) | 159.6 | (124.6) | 232.0 | (167.4) | 306.7 | (179.9) | <0.001 | 156.2 | (108.2) | 236.1 | (154.0) | 295.3 | (177.7) | <0.001 |
| Fruits (g/day per 2000 kcal) | 188.9 | (224.5) | 276.5 | (262.8) | 356.2 | (256.5) | <0.001 | 212.8 | (248.6) | 327.0 | (269.5) | 366.3 | (278.5) | <0.001 |
| Legumes (g/day per 2000 kcal) | 28.6 | (29.1) | 41.9 | (35.1) | 56.5 | (39.0) | <0.001 | 28.3 | (33.8) | 41.4 | (35.1) | 62.1 | (46.8) | <0.001 |
| Fish and seafood (g/day per 2000 kcal) | 34.9 | (30.2) | 550.5 | (41.5) | 72.0 | (48.4) | <0.001 | 38.2 | (40.0) | 54.6 | (43.5) | 68.4 | (53.0) | <0.001 |
| Cereals (g/day per 2000 kcal) | 146.9 | (82.9) | 178.5 | (92.5) | 206.0 | (82.0) | <0.001 | 142.4 | (87.9) | 175.8 | (89.9) | 216.7 | (103.3) | <0.001 |
| Olive oil (g/day per 2000 kcal) | 10.8 | (20.0) | 19.6 | (20.2) | 27.0 | (14.7) | <0.001 | 9.9 | (16.6) | 18.4 | (22.2) | 26.2 | (10.6) | <0.001 |
| Nuts and seeds (g/day per 2000 kcal) | 0.0 | (2.7) | 0.0 | (3.2) | 0.3 | (4.2) | <0.001 | 0.0 | (2.2) | 0.0 | (2.9) | 0.3 | (3.8) | 0.235 |
| Meat (g/day per 2000 kcal) | 140.9 | (57.6) | 123.5 | (59.1) | 101.1 | (52.4) | <0.001 | 137.5 | (50.6) | 121.4 | (59.8) | 96.7 | (48.0) | <0.001 |
| Dairy products (g/day per 2000 kcal) | 359.4 | (246.8) | 254.4 | (210.5) | 183.3 | (162.9) | <0.001 | 385.3 | (214.2) | 276.6 | (249.6) | 184.0 | (210.9) | <0.001 |
| Eggs (g/day per 2000 kcal) | 23.7 | (23.5) | 23.2 | (22.6) | 20.7 | (20.7) | <0.001 | 19.4 | (20.8) | 21.8 | (27.0) | 21.5 | (25.1) | 0.446 |
| Coffee and tea (mL/day) | 109.8 | (166.8) | 100.0 | (157.5) | 86.7 | (143.3) | <0.001 | 75.0 | (146.0) | 62.9 | (152.3) | 52.0 | (148.0) | 0.645 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 0.8 | (8.7) | 3.9 | (20.2) | 11.3 | (22.2) | <0.001 | 0.2 | (7.1) | 1.7 | (18.9) | 9.6 | (19.5) | 0.001 |
| Mediterranean diet score (rMED) | 5.0 | (2.0) | 9.0 | (2.0) | 12.0 | (2.0) | <0.001 | 5.0 | (2.0) | 8.0 | (2.0) | 12.0 | (2.0) | <0.001 |
Numbers are counts and percentages or medians and inter-quartile ranges (IQR). p values obtained with Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous variables or X2 tests for categorical ones. 1 Primary studies or less. 2 Waist circumference ≥102 cm (men) or ≥88 cm (women). 3 MET: Metabolic equivalents. 4 Sum of recreational and household physical activities. MD adherence levels defined as low: 0–6 points, medium: 7–10 points, and high 11–18 rMED score points.