Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Authors and Dates | Titles | Country | Survey * | Target Population | Prevalence n (%) |
Participants (Sample Size) |
Malaria Diagnostic Method ** | Methods | Software | Funding Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berendsen et al., 2019 [27] | BCG vaccination is associated with reduced malaria prevalence in children under the age of 5 years in Sub-Sahara Africa | Multi-country (13 SSA) | DHS | Under 5 years | 12,325 (36) | 34,205 | RDT | Multilevel logistic regression (MLLR) | SPSS, STATA, MLWin | Multiple source |
| Chitunhu et al., 2015 [28] | Direct and indirect determinants of childhood malaria morbidity in Malawi: a survey cross-sectional analysis based on malaria indicator survey data for 2012 | Malawi | MIS | Under 5 years | 367 (27.7) | 1375 | MT | Logistic regression (LR) | STATA | Institution-based |
| Levitz et al., 2018 [29] | Effect of individual and community-level bed net usage on malaria prevalence among under-fives in the Democratic Republic of Congo | Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) | DHS | Under 5 years | 2191 (37.4) | 5857 | Others (PCR) |
Multilevel logistic regression (MLLR) | SAS | Multiple sources |
| Morakinyo et al., 2018 [30] | Housing type and risk of malaria among under-five children in Nigeria: evidence from the malaria indicator survey | Nigeria | MIS | 6–59 months | 6991 | RDT and MT | Logistic regression (LR) | STATA | No funding | |
| Njau et al., 2013 [26] | Exploring the impact of targeted distribution of free bed nets on households bed net ownership, socioeconomic disparities and childhood malaria infection rates: analysis of national malaria survey data from three sub-Saharan Africa countries | Angola, Tanzania and Uganda | MIS | Under 5 years | 214 (20) 895 (39) 782 (18) |
1125 3109 1954 |
RDT and MT | Multilevel logistic regression (MLLR) | STATA | Multiple source |
| Njau et al., 2014 [31] | Investigating the Important Correlates of Maternal Education and Childhood Malaria Infections | Angola, Tanzania and Uganda (Pooled) | MIS | Under 5 years |
- | 1390 5975 2997 |
RDT | Multivariate logistic regression (MvLR) | STATA | Not reported |
| Semakula et al., 2015 [32] | Potential of household environmental resources and practices in eliminating residual malaria transmission: a case study of Tanzania, Burundi, Malawi and Liberia | Tanzania, Burundi, Malawi and Liberia | MIS | Under 5 years | - | 7695 3750 2115 3187 |
RDT | Multivariate logistic regression (MvLR) | JMP 10 | Multiple source |
| Siri 2014 [33] | Independent Associations of Maternal Education and Household Wealth with Malaria Risk in Children | Multi-country (pooled) | Under 5 years | - | 24,043 | - | Multivariate logistic regression (MvLR) | SAS | Institution-based | |
| Tusting et al., 2020 [34] | Housing and child health in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional analysis | Multi-country (pooled) |
Multiple surveys | Under 5 years | 40,178 (21) | 188,651 | RDT and MT | Conditional logistic regression (LR) | STATA and R | Multiple source |
| Ugwu and Zewotir, 2018 [35] | Using mixed effects logistic regression models for complex survey data on malaria rapid diagnostic test results | Nigeria | MIS | 6–59 months | - | 5236 | RDT | Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) | SAS | No funding |
| Wanzira et al., 2017 [24] | Factors associated with malaria parasitaemia among children under 5 years in Uganda: a secondary data analysis of the 2014 Malaria Indicator Survey dataset | Uganda | MIS | Under 5 years | 938 (19.04) | 4930 | MT | Multivariate logistic regression (MvLR) | STATA | no funding |
| Yang et al., 2020 [36] | Drinking water and sanitation conditions are associated with the risk of malaria among children under five-year-old in sub-Saharan Africa: A logistic regression model analysis of national survey data | Multi-country (pooled) | Multiple surveys | Under 5 years | 40,217 (18.8) | 213,920 | RDT and MT | Multivariate logistic regression (MvLR) | SPSS | not reported |
| Zgambo et al., 2017 [37] | Prevalence and factors associated with malaria parasitaemia in children under the age of five years in Malawi: A comparison study of the 2012 and 2014 Malaria Indicator Surveys (MISs) | Malawi | MIS | Under 5 years | 636 (33) | 1928 | MT | Multivariate logistic regression (MvLR) | SPSS | no funding |
* Surveys: MIS = malaria indicator survey, DHS = demographic and health survey; ** RDT = rapid diagnostic test, MT = microscopic test.