Table 5.
Association between household-related variables and malaria status.
| S/N | Variables | Significance Levels | Number of Country Studies | Association Effect (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Household wealth status | S: | 11 | ISF: international wealth index square: 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) [27] poor: 5.51 (3.83–7.93) poorer: 5.15 (3.72–7.13) middle: 3.51 (2.64–4.65) richer: 1.89 (1.46–2.45) [30] poorest: OR: 3.5498 (1.508–8.35); poorer: OR: 5.6013 (2.69–11.63); middle: OR: 2.4569 (1.46–4.12); richer: OR: 1.8258 (1.24–2.67) [35]; poorest: OR: 4.7 (1.3–16.2) [37] DSF: OR: 0.95 (0.93–0.98) [28] ME: −0.034 (−0.1543– 0.0773) [26]; ME: −0.070 (−0.0943–0.0267) [26]; ME: −0.116 (−0.1876–−0.0583) [26] poor: β: −0.019 (0.017); less poor: β: −0.033 (0.018); middle: β: −0.065 (0.018); rich: β: −0.123 (0.019) [31] OR: 0.990 (0.987–0.992) [33] poorer: 0.70 (0.50–0.99); middle: 0.75 (0.50–1.12) 0.157; richer: OR: 0.40 (0.27–0.61); richest: OR: 0.17 (0.08–0.36) [24] |
| NS: | - | |||
| 2 | Place of residence | S: | 13 | ISF: rural: OR: 1.91 (1.63–2.25) [27] rural: OR: 1.83 (1.18–2.83) [28], rural: OR: 1.59 (1.33–1.89) [30], ME: 0.002 (0.0781–0.1228) ME: 0.055, CI: (0.0005–0.1097) [26] rural: β: 0.024 [31] rural: OR: 4.57 (1.86–11.25) [35] DSF: urban: OR: 0.94 (0.61–1.42) [32] OR: 0.26 (0.13–0.49) [32] urban: OR: 0.39 (0.25–0.60) [32] urban: OR: 0.72 (0.570.92) [32] urban: OR: 0.59 (0.50–0.71) [33] |
| NS: | 2 [24,37] | |||
| 3 | Household had bed net | S: | 4 | DSF: ME: −0.055 (−0.1187–0.008) [26]; ME: −0.034 (−0.1233–0.0387) [26] ME: −0.098 (−0.0419–0.1494) [26] β: −0.076 [31] |
| NS: | 1 [37] | |||
| 4 | Age of household head | S: | 4 | ISF: ME: 0.006 (−0.0004–0.0016) [26]; ME: 0.001 (−0.0005–0.0029) [26], OR: 1.019 (1.007–1.031) [35] DSF: ME: −0.009 (0.0012–0.0032) [26] |
| NS: | - | |||
| 5 | Insecticide residual spray | S: | 2 | DSF: OR: 0.37 (1.08–1.36) [30] OR: 0.23 (0.08–0.61) [24] |
| NS: | 2 [35,37] | |||
| 6 | Household size | S: | 7 | ISF: OR: 1.03 (1.01–1.04) [27] ME: 0.015 (0.0021–0.0285) [26] ME: 0.004 (−0.0059–0.0050) [26] ME: 0.005 (−0.0163–0.0055) [26] β: 0.009 [31] OR: 1.46 (1.24–1.73) [33], OR: 1.108 (1.03–1.17) [35] |
| NS: | - | |||
| 7 | Number of under-5 in household | S: | 3 | ISF: ME: 0.049 (0.0331–0.6565) [26] DSF: ME: −0.025 (−0.1787–−0.0181) [26] ME: −0.044 (−0.0742–−0.0156) [26] |
| NS: | 1 [31] | |||
| 8 | Source of water outside | S: | 1 | DSF: OR: 0.97 (0.96, 0.99) [28] |
| NS: | 1 [35] | |||
| 9 | Improved water source | S: | 5 | ISF: borehole: OR: 1.50 (1.10–1.88); unprotected well: OR: 1.56 (1.29–1.88); protected well: OR: 2.19 (1.53–3.10); river/lakes: OR: 2.45 (1.81–3.31) [32] borehole: OR: 1.75 (0.61–0.93); protected well: OR: 1.44 (0.25–0.78) [32] borehole: OR: 1.19 (0.36–3.60); protected well: OR: 1.36 (1.041.78); unprotected spring: OR: 1.65 (1.012.71) 0.047; river/lakes: OR: 1.55 (1.12–2.16) [32] unprotected: OR: 1.17 (1.07, 1.27) [36] DSF: piped (yard): OR: 0.13 (0.03–0.32); public pipe: OR: 0.70 (0.51–0.95); private taps: OR: 0.62 (0.39–0.95) protected spring: OR: 0.78 (1.06–2.83) [32]. piped (yard): OR: 0.05 (0.00–0.58); public pipes: OR: 0.52 (1.25–1.84); private tap: OR: 0.23 (0.04–0.75) [32]; piped (yard): OR: 0.23 (0.12–0.43); public: OR: 0.33 (0.23–0.47) [32] public: OR: 0.27 (0.13–0.51) [32] piped: 0.52 (0.45–0.59) [36] |
| NS: | 2 [27,35] | |||
| 10 | Improved toilet facility | S: | 7 | ISF: open toilet: OR: 1.35 (1.11–1.63) no toilet: OR: 3.57 (2.35–5.42); pit: OR: 1.30 (1.07–1.58) [32] no toilet: OR: 1.66 (1.20–2.30) [32] no toilet: OR: 1.24 (0.821.28 [32] no toilet: 1.635 (1.209–2.21) [35] no toilet: OR: 1.35 (1.24, 1.47) [36] DSF: medium-quality: OR: 0.85 (0.78 to 0.92) [27]; flush toilet: 0.40 (0.18–0.78) [32] flush toilet: OR: 0.04 (0.02–8.01) [32] flush toilet: 0.53 (0.390.73) [32]; flush toilet: OR: 0.51 (0.43, 0.61) [36] |
| NS: | - | |||
| 11 | Sex of household head | S: | 1 | DSF: male: ME: −0.029 (−0.0637–0.0049) [26] |
| NS: | 4 [26,31,32] | |||
| 12 | Use biomass for cooking | S: | 2 | ISF: firewood: OR: 1.80 (1.23–2.68) [32] firewood: OR: 1.44 (0.98–2.16) [32] DSF: charcoal: OR: 0.58(0.38–0.85) [32] |
| NS: | - | |||
| 13 | Under 5 years child slept under bed net | S: | 2 | ISF: yes: OR: 1.33 (1.04–1.71) [24] DSF: OR: 0.83 (0.78–0.88) [34] |
| NS: | 1 [35] | |||
| 14 | Household ownership of livestock | S: | 4 | ISF: goat: OR: 1.32 (1.09–1.60) [32] goat: 1.26 (1.07–1.48) OR: 1.17 (0.98–1.38) [32] DSF: cattle: OR: 0.55 (0.45–0.67) pigs: OR: 0.18 (0.09–0.33) [32] cattle: OR: 0.51 (0.40–0.65) [32] cattle: OR: 0.54 (0.35–0.83) cattle: OR: 0.74 (0.55 1.00) [32] |
| NS: | - | |||
| 15 | Improve building materials | S: | 2 | ISF: nothing improved: OR: 1.05 (1.02–1.12) [30]; OR: 0.88 (0.83–0.93) [34] |
| NS: | 1 [34] | |||
| 16 | Household head education status | S: | 2 | ISF: ME: 0.027 (−0.0023–0.0567) [26] DSF: primary school+: β: −0.009 (0.004) [31] |
| NS: | 1 [26] | |||
| 18 | Household connected electricity | S: | 1 | ISF: no: OR: 1.14 (0.88–1.48) [35] |
| NS: | - | |||
| 19 | Roofing material | S: | 1 | DSF: palm leaf: OR: 0.7171 [35] |
| NS: | - |
OR: odds ratio, ME: marginal effect, β: coefficient estimate, S: significant, NS: not significant, ISF: increased significant factors, DSF: decreased significant factors.