Table 2.

Effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on marine organisms

Phyla	Species	Development	MP Size	Adsorption	MP Types	Negative Effects	References
Bacillariophyta	Chaetoceros neogracile	spore, adult	50 μm	NA	PS	Particles decrease chlorophyll content, esterase activity, cell growth and photosynthetic efficiency of diatoms.	[163]
Aschelminthes	Brachionus koreanus	adult	0.05, 0.5, 6 μm	NA	PS	Inhibition of multiple resistance to p-glycoproteins and multidrug resistant proteins leads to increased toxicity and oxidative stress damage to membrane lipids.	[164]
Mollusca	Crassostrea gigas	embryo, larva, adult	50 μm	NA	PS	Particles reduce fertilization rate and development ability of embryo and larva.	[48]
	Mytilus galloprovincialis	larva	140 ± 34.6 nm	Cbz	PS	Increased total oxidant status of digestive glands, influence neurotransmission, genotoxicity and lipid peroxidation.	[45]
		adult	0.1–1 mm	pyrene	PE, PS	Alter immune response, lysosomal compartment, peroxisome, antioxidant system, and neurotoxic effects	[46]
Arthropoda	Artemia franciscana	larva	40, 50 μm	NA	PS	Impairment of feeding ability, behavioral ability and physiological conditions.	[55]
	Calanus finmarchicus	adult	particles: 10–30 μm fibers: 10 × 30 μm	NA	PA	Alter predation behavior, reduce fat storage, and affect growth and development.	[47]
Chordata	Danio rerio	embryo	average: 398 ± 54 μm minimum: 10 ± 2 μm	NA	PE	Produce cell death and affect energy metabolism.	[49]
			50, 200, 500 μm	Au	PS	Oxidative stress and inflammation reaction.	[50]
			44 nm	PAHs	PS	Energy metabolism.	[51]
		larva	25 μm	NA	PS	Glucodermatin receptors disrupt glucose homeostasis, leading to abnormal larval activity.	[52]
			44 nm	PAHs	PS	Energy metabolism.	[51]
		adult	25 μm	Cu	PS	Inflammatory reaction.	[53]
			50 μm	BPA	PS	Neurotoxicity.	[54]
	Fish cell lines (SAF-1, DLB-1)	/	100 nm	NA	PS	Change the activity of superoxide dismutase and Glutathione S-transferase and the toxicity of drugs.	[165]

PS: polystyrene; PE: polyethylene; LDPE: low-density polyethylene; HDPE: high-density polyethylene; PA: polyamide; PP: polypropylene; PUR: polyurethane; PET: polyethylene terephthalate; PVC: polyvinyl chloride. PAHs: polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; BPA: bisphenol A; Cbz: carbamazepine. NA: Not available.