Fig. 5.

Induction of defense gene expression in maize roots and shoots by the axenic, co-culture and modular co-culture of T. asperellum and B. amyloliquefaciens against Fusarium verticillioides and Cohilohorus herostrophus. Heat map profile of defense gene expression in a root and b leaves of non-amended soil were showed in terms of fold changes compared to the control (T1). Heat map profile of defense gene expression in c root and d leaves of corn stover amended soil were showed in terms of fold changes compared to the control (T8). Results are average of five replicates for each treatment; the values given are the standard error of the mean