Table 3.
Adjusted prospective changes in standardized cognitive scores at Y30 associated with NAFLD, other CT fat measures, and classic CVD risk factors measured at Y25 among CARDIA participants
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DSST | RAVLT | Stroop test | Composite score | DSST | RAVLT | Stroop | Composite score | |
| CT fat measures | ||||||||
| LA, 1 SD lower (12 HU) | − .02 (.01) | − .02 (.02) | .01 (.02) | − .01 (.01) | .01 (.01) | .00 (.02) | .02 (.02) | .01 (.01) |
| TAAT, 1 SD higher (213 cm3) | − .04 (.01)** | − .01 (.01) | .01 (.02) | − .01 (.01) | − .01 (.02) | − .02 (.02) | .01 (.02) | − .01 (.01) |
| SAT, 1 SD higher (166 cm3) | − .03 (.01)** | − .01 (.02) | .01 (.02) | − .01 (.01) | − .02 (.02) | − .03 (.02) | − .01 (.02) | − .02 (.01) |
| VAT, 1 SD higher (73 cm3) | − .03 (.01)** | − .01 (.01) | .01 (.02) | − .01 (.01) | .00 (.02) | .00 (.02) | .02 (.02) | .01 (.01) |
| CVD risk factors | ||||||||
| CVD history | − .03 (.03) | − .13 (.04)** | − .10 (.04)* | − .06 (.02)** | − .02 (.03) | − .12 (.04)** | − .10 (.04)* | − .06 (.02)* |
| Hypertension | − .09 (.02)** | − .08 (.03)* | − .02 (.03) | − .05 (.02)** | − .06 (.03)* | − .05 (.03) | .00 (.04) | − .02 (.02) |
| Current smoking | − .06 (.03) | − .10 (.04)* | − .14 (.05)** | − .08 (.03)** | − .06 (.03) | − .09 (.04)* | − .13 (.05)** | − .07 (.03)** |
| Diabetes Mellitus | − .10 (.03)** | − .12 (.04)** | − .01 (.04) | − .08 (.03)** | − .06 (.04) | − .09 (.05) | .00 (.05) | .06 (.03)* |
| Hypercholesterolemia | − .04 (.03) | − .06 (.03) | − .02 (.04) | − .02 (.02) | − .01 (.03) | − .02 (.04) | .00 (.04) | .01 (.02) |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | − .07 (.03)** | − .10 (.04)** | − .08 (.04)* | − .08 (.02)** | − .04 (.03) | − .08 (.04)* | − .09 (.04)* | − .07 (.02)** |
| Obesity | − .07 (.02)** | .00 (.03) | .03 (.03) | − .01 (.02) | − .04 (.02) | .04 (.03) | .03 (.03) | .01 (.02) |
| NAFLD categoriesa | ||||||||
| None (LA ≥ 51 HU) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) |
| Mild (40 < LA < 51 HU) | − .02 (.03) | − .03 (.04) | − .05 (.05) | − .03 (.03) | .02 (.04) | .00 (.05) | − .04 (.05) | .00 (.03) |
| Severe (LA ≤ 40 HU) | − .04 (.04) | − .02 (.05) | .09 (.05) | .01 (.03) | .04 (.04) | .05 (.05) | .12 (.06)* | .08 (.03)* |
Values represent β (SE); negative coefficients indicate greater cognitive decline
Model 1: Adjusted for baseline (Y25) cognitive score (of each respective test), study center, age, race, sex, and education
Model 2: Further adjusted for CVD risk factors (CVD history, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and obesity)
CVD, cardiovascular disease; DSST, digit symbol substitution test; LA, liver attenuation; NAFLD, metabolic associated fatty liver disease; RAVLT, Rey auditory verbal learning test; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; SD, standard deviation; TAAT, total abdomen adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue. DSST: n = 2355; RAVLT: n = 2366; Stroop: n = 2314; composite score: n = 2303
*P ≤ .05; **P ≤ .01
aModeled separately from liver attenuation as an alternative definition for NAFLD