Table 1.

Study subject demographics and training procedures completed.

Cohort	# of subjects	Mean age	Training/certification	Average # of laparoscopic procedures	# of completed FLS pattern cutting trials	# of completed VBLaST pattern cutting trials
Expert surgeon	8	35	Postgraduate year 4 to 5 or attending surgeons	700	5	5
Novice surgeon	9	31	Postgraduate year 1 to 3	60	5	5
FLS training group	9	25	Medical school year 1 to 4	0	$>100$	0
VBLaST training group	8	24	Medical school year 1 to 4	0	0	$>85$
Control	5	26	Medical school year 1 to 4	0	3	3