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a) Optical transmission spectra of FTO substrates, SnO2 and SnO2:Eu3+ films on FTO substrates. b) Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of SnO2 and SnO2:20% Eu3+ films. c) Typical X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of SnO2 and SnO2:20% Eu3+ films. d) High‐resolution XPS spectra of Sn 3d, O 1s, and Eu 3d of SnO2 and SnO2:Eu3+ films.
