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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 3.
Published in final edited form as: Birth Defects Res. 2019 Jul 16;111(16):1192–1204. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1551

Table 2.

Prevalence (per 10,000 Live Births) and 95% confidence intervals for Birth Defects among Liveborn Infants by Maternal Race/Ethnicity, Benton and Washington Counties, Arkansas, 1997–2013.

NHa White NHa Black Hispanic Marshallese
(n=65,800) (n=1,680) (n=21,654) (n=2,488)
Cases Prev (95% CI)b Cases Prev (95% CI)b Cases Prev (95% CI)b Cases Prev (95% CI)b
Central Nervous System
Anencephaly 6 0.9 (0.3, 2.0) 0 - ≤4c 0.9 (0.1, 3.3) 0 -
Spina bifida without anencephaly 26 4.0 (2.6, 5.8) ≤4c 5.9 (0.2, 33.1) 11 5.1 (2.5, 9.1) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Hydrocephaly without spina bifida 43 6.5 (4.7, 8.8) 0 - 15 6.9 (3.9, 11.4) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Microcephaly 23 3.5 (2.2, 5.2) 0 - 6 2.8 (1.0, 6.0) ≤4c 16.1 (4.4, 41.1)
Holoprosencephaly ≤4c 0.5 (0.1, 1.3) 0 - ≤4c 0.5 (0.0, 2.6) ≤4c 8.0 (1.0, 29.0)
Subtotal 100 15.2 (12.4, 18.5) ≤4c 6 (0.2, 33.1) 32 14.8 (10.1, 20.9) 8 32.2 (13.9, 63.3)
Eye
Anophthalmia/microphthalmia 16 2.4 (1.4, 3.9) 0 - ≤4c 1.8 (0.5, 4.7) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Congenital cataract 15 2.3 (1.3, 3.8) 0 - ≤4c 1.8 (0.5, 4.7) ≤4c 16.1 (4.4, 41.1)
Subtotal 30 4.6 (3.1, 6.5) 0 - 8 3.7 (1.6, 7.3) 5 20.1 (6.5, 46.8)
Ear
Anotia/microtia 9 1.4 (0.6, 2.6) 0 - 8 3.7 (1.6, 7.3) 0 -
Cardiovascular
Truncus arteriosus ≤4c 0.3 (0, 1.1) ≤4c 6 (0.2, 33.1) ≤4c 0.5 (0.0, 2.6) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Transposition of the great arteries 34 5.2 (3.6, 7.2) 0 - ≤4c 1.8 (0.5, 4.7) 0 -
Tetralogy of Fallot 19 2.9 (1.7, 4.5) 0 - 9 4.2 (1.9, 7.9) 0 -
Ventricular septal defect 378 57.4 (51.8, 63.5) 8 47.6 (20.6, 93.6) 115 53.1 (43.9, 63.7) 10 40.2 (19.3, 73.8)
Atrial septal defect 211 32.1 (27.9, 36.7) ≤4c 17.9 (3.7, 52.1) 62 28.6 (22.0, 36.7) 11 44.2 (22.1, 79.0)
Atrioventricular septal defect 44 6.7 (4.9, 9.0) ≤4c 6 (0.2, 33.1) 8 3.7 (1.6, 7.3) ≤4c 8.0 (1.0, 29.0)
Pulmonary valve atresia and stenosis 80 12.2 (9.6, 15.1) ≤4c 23.8 (6.5, 60.8) 23 10.6 (6.7, 15.9) 6 24.1 (8.9, 52.4)
Tricuspid valve atresia and stenosis 7 1.1 (0.4, 2.2) 0 - ≤4c 1.4 (0.3, 4.0) 0 -
Ebstein anomaly 9 1.4 (0.6, 2.6) 0 - ≤4c 1.8 (0.5, 4.7) 0 -
Aortic valve stenosis 18 2.7 (1.6, 4.3) 0 - 8 3.7 (1.6, 7.3) 0 -
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 18 2.7 (1.6, 4.3) 0 - ≤4c 1.4 (0.3, 4.0) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Patent ductus arteriosus 140 21.3 (17.9, 25.1) 11 65.5 (32.7, 116.9) 41 18.9 (13.6, 25.7) ≤4c 16.1 (4.4, 41.1)
Coarctation of the aorta 49 7.4 (5.5, 9.8) 0 - 12 5.5 (2.9, 9.7) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection ≤4c 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) 0 - ≤4c 0.5 (0.0, 2.6) ≤4c   8.0 (1.0, 29.0)
Interrupted aortic arch 7 1.1 (0.4, 2.2) 0 - 0 - 0 -
Double outlet right ventricle 11 1.7 (0.8, 3.0) ≤4c 6.0 (0.2, 33.1) 5 2.3 (0.7, 5.4) ≤4c 8.0 (1.0, 29.0)
Subtotal 765 116.3 (108.2, 124.7) 22 131 (82.2, 197.6) 220 101.6 (88.7, 15.9) 28 112.5 (74.9, 162.2)
Orofacial
Cleft palate alone 35 5.3 (3.7, 7.4) 0 - 15 6.9 (3.9, 11.4) ≤4c 8.0 (1.0, 29.0)
Cleft lip alone 26 4.0 (2.6, 5.8) 0 - ≤4c 1.4 (0.3, 4.0) 0 -
Cleft lip with cleft palate 36 5.5 (3.8, 7.6) 0 - 14 6.5 (3.5, 10.8) 0 -
Subtotal 92 14.0 (11.3, 17.1) 0 - 31 14.3 (9.7, 20.3) ≤4c 8.0 (1.0, 29.0)
Gastrointestinal
Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula 25 3.8 (2.5, 5.6) 0 - ≤4c 1.4 (0.3, 4.0) 0 -
Rectal and large intestinal atresia/stenosis 30 4.6 (3.1, 6.5) ≤4c 17.9 (3.7, 52.1) 8 3.7 (1.6, 7.3) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Pyloric stenosis 113 17.2 (14.2, 20.6) ≤4c 6.0 (0.2, 33.1) 43 19.9 (14.4, 26.7) 0 -
Hirshsprung’s disease 18 2.7 (1.6, 4.3) 0 - ≤4c 0.5 (0.0, 2.6) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Small intestinal atresia/stenosis 22 3.3 (2.1, 5.1) 0 - ≤4c 1.8 (0.5, 4.7) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Subtotal 211 32.1 (27.9, 36.7) ≤4c 23.8 (6.5, 60.8) 60 27.7 (21.2, 35.7) ≤4c 16.1 (4.4, 41.1)
Genitourinary
Renal agenesis/hypoplasia 20 3.0 (1.9, 4.7) 0 - 8 3.7 (1.6, 7.3) 0 -
Obstructive genitourinary defect 116 17.6 (14.6, 21.1) ≤4c 23.8 (6.5, 60.8) 29 13.4 (9.0, 19.2) ≤4c 16.1 (4.4, 41.1)
Hypospadias 284 84.2 (38.3, 48.5) 7 82.7 (16.8, 85.7) 25 22.9 (7.5, 17) 5 39.8 (6.5, 46.8)
Cystic kidney 15 2.3 (1.3, 3.8) 0 - 5 2.3 (0.7, 5.4) 0 -
Subtotal 420 63.8 (57.9, 70.2) 11 65.5 (32.7, 116.9) 67 30.9 (24, 39.3) 9 36.2 (16.6, 68.6)
Musculoskeletal
Limb deficiencies 27 4.1 (2.7, 6.0) ≤4c 6 (0.2, 33.1) 12 5.5 (2.9, 9.7) ≤4c 8.0 (1.0, 29.0)
Gastroschisis 43 6.5 (4.7, 8.8) 0 - 7 3.2 (1.3, 6.7) 0 -
Omphalocele 14 2.1 (1.2, 3.6) 0 - 6 2.8 (1.0, 6.0) 0 -
Congenital hip dislocation 12 1.8 (0.9, 3.2) 0 - 5 2.3 (0.7, 5.4) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Diaphragmatic hernia 26 4.0 (2.6, 5.8) ≤4c 17.9 (3.7, 52.1) ≤4c 1.4 (0.3, 4.0) 0 -
Craniosynostosis 52 7.9 (5.9, 10.4) ≤4c 6.0 (0.2, 33.1) 13 6.0 (3.2, 10.3) 0 -
Clubfoot 91 13.8 (11.1, 17) ≤4c 11.9 (1.4, 42.9) 26 12 (7.8, 17.6) ≤4c 8.0 (1.0, 29.0)
Prune belly ≤4c 0.2 (0.0, 0.8) 0 - 0 - 0 -
Subtotal 257 39.1 (34.4, 44.1) 6 35.7 (13.1, 77.6) 72 33.3 (26.0, 41.9) ≤4c 16.1 (4.4, 41.1)
Chromosomal
Trisomy 13 ≤4c 0.2 (0.0, 0.8) 0 - ≤4c 0.5 (0.0, 2.6) 0 -
Trisomy 18 15 2.3 (1.3, 3.8) 0 - 10 4.6 (2.2, 8.5) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Trisomy 21 74 11.2 (8.8, 14.1) ≤4c 6.0 (0.2, 33.1) 43 19.9 (14.4, 26.7) ≤4c 12.1 (2.5, 35.2)
Turner syndrome ≤4c 0.5 (0.1, 1.3) 0 - ≤4c 0.5 (0.0, 2.6) 0 -
Subtotal 96 14.6 (11.8, 17.8) ≤4c 11.9 (1.4, 42.9) 56 25.9 (19.5, 33.6) 4 16.1 (4.4, 41.1)
Other
Achondroplastic dwarfism ≤4c 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) 0 - ≤4c 0.5 (0.0, 2.6) ≤4c 4.0 (0.1, 22.4)
Lung agenesis or aplasia ≤4c 0.2 (0.0, 0.8) 0 - 0 - 0 -
Total births with defects 1697 258.2 (246.2, 70.6) 39 232.1 (165.6,316) 459 212 (193.2,232.0) 54 217 (163.5, 282.3)
a

NH=Non-Hispanic;

b

Prev (95% CI)= prevalence and 95% confidence intervals

c

Data suppressed due to small numbers