Table 1.
Distribution of diabetic retinopathy among patients with diabetes by various demographic and diabetesrelated characteristics, Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| Characteristics | Total N (%) | Diabetic retinopathy | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=114) N (%) | Yes (n=137) N (%) | |||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 96 (38.2) | 34 (35.4) | 62 (64.6) | 0.012 |
| Female | 155 (61.8) | 80 (51.6) | 75 (48.4) | |
| Age (years), mean±SD | 56.8±9.9 | 53.7±9.2 | 59.4±9.7 | <0.001 |
| Nationality | ||||
| Saudi | 221 (88.0) | 103 (46.6) | 118 (53.4) | 0.305 |
| Non-Saudi | 30 (12.0) | 11 (36.7) | 19 (63.3) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 193 (76.9) | 89 (46.1) | 104 (53.9) | 0.966 |
| Single | 7 (2.8) | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | |
| Divorced | 15 (6.0) | 7 (46.7) | 8 (53.3) | |
| Widowed | 36 (14.3) | 15 (41.7) | 21 (58.3) | |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Inside Makkah city | 236 (94.0) | 107 (45.3) | 129 (54.7) | 0.920 |
| Outside Makkah city | 15 (6.0) | 7 (46.7) | 8 (53.3) | |
| Level of education | ||||
| Bachelors’ | 74 (29.5) | 43 (58.1) | 31 (41.9) | 0.031 |
| Secondary school | 48 (19.1) | 21 (43.8) | 27 (56.3) | |
| Middle school | 42 (16.7) | 17 (40.5) | 25 (59.5) | |
| Elementary school | 28 (11.2) | 8 (28.6) | 20 (71.4) | |
| Illiterate | 59 (23.5) | 25 (42.4) | 34 (57.6) | |
| Diabetes-related characteristics | ||||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | ||||
| <5 | 56 (22.3) | 40 (71.4) | 16 (28.6) | <0.001 |
| 5-10 | 69 (27.5) | 43 (62.3) | 26 (37.7) | |
| 11-16 | 92 (36.6) | 28 (30.4) | 64 (69.6) | |
| >16 | 34 (13.6) | 3 (8.8) | 31 (91.2) | |
| Controlled HbA1c | 111 (44.2) | 83 (74.8) | 28 (25.2) | <0.001 |
| Uncontrolled HbA1c | 140 (55.8) | 31 (22.1) | 109 (77.9) | |
| Family history of diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 152 (60.6) | 67 (44.1) | 85 (55.9) | 0.597 |
| No | 99 (39.4) | 47 (47.5) | 52 (52.5) | |
| Adherence to diabetic healthy diet | ||||
| Yes | 106 (42.2) | 55 (51.9) | 51 (48.1) | 0.078 |
| No | 145 (57.8) | 59 (40.7) | 86 (59.3) | |
| Taking daily medications on time | ||||
| Yes | 231 (92.0) | 111 (48.1) | 120 (51.9) | 0.003 |
| No | 20 (8.0) | 3 (15.0) | 17 (85.0) | |
| Number of daily antihyperglycemic medications | ||||
| One | 53 (21.1) | 17 (32.1) | 36 (67.9) | 0.006 |
| Two | 109 (43.4) | 61 (56.0) | 48 (44.0) | |
| Three | 60 (23.9) | 28 (46.7) | 32 (53.3) | |
| >three | 29 (11.6) | 8 (27.6) | 21 (72.4) | |
| Using of insulin to treat diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 118 (47.0) | 28 (23.7) | 90 (76.3) | <0.001 |
| No | 133 (53.0) | 86 (64.7) | 47 (35.3) | |
| Frequency of diabetes checkup | ||||
| Every 6 months | 200 (79.7) | 99 (49.5) | 101 (50.5) | 0.004 |
| Every 3 months | 38 (15.1) | 8 (21.1) | 30 (78.9) | |
| <every 3 months | 13 (5.2) | 7 (53.8) | 6 (46.2) | |
| The main center for diabetes follow-up | ||||
| Primary health care | 95 (37.8) | 48 (50.5) | 47 (49.5) | 0.148 |
| Al-Noor diabetic center | 153 (61.0) | 66 (43.1) | 87 (56.9) | |
| Private center | 3 (1.2) | 0 | 3 (100) | |
| The doctor at the center arranges the referral for fundus examination annually | ||||
| Yes | 212 (84.5) | 101 (47.6) | 111 (52.4) | 0.099 |
| No | 39 (15.5) | 13 (33.3) | 26 (66.7) | |
| Annual fundus examination | ||||
| Yes | 178 (71.9) | 95 (53.4) | 83 (46.6) | <0.001 |
| No | 73 (28.1) | 19 (26.0) | 54 (74.0) | |
| Other chronic diseases | ||||
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 160 (63.7) | 63 (39.4) | 97 (60.6) | 0.008 |
| No | 91 (36.3) | 51 (56.0) | 40 (44.0) | |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||
| Yes | 109 (43.4) | 39 (35.8) | 70 (64.2) | 0.007 |
| No | 142 (65.6) | 75 (52.8) | 67 (47.2) | |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||
| Yes | 32 (12.7) | 5 (15.6) | 27 (84.4) | <0.001 |
| No | 219 (87.3) | 109 (49.8) | 110 (50.2) | |
| Hypothyroidism | ||||
| Yes | 34 (13.5) | 17 (50.0) | 17 (50.0) | 0.564 |
| No | 217 (86.5) | 97 (44.7) | 120 (55.3) | |
| Other diabetic complications | ||||
| Diabetic foot ulcer | ||||
| Yes | 79 (31.5) | 21 (26.6) | 58 (73.4) | <0.001 |
| No | 172 (68.5) | 93 (54.1) | 79 (45.9) | |
| Amputation | ||||
| Yes | 7 (2.8) | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 0.306 |
| No | 244 (97.2) | 112 (45.9) | 132 (54.1) | |
| Renal insufficiency | ||||
| Yes | 24 (9.6) | 4 (16.7) | 20 (83.3) | 0.002 |
| No | 227 (90.4) | 110 (48.5) | 117 (51.5) | |
| Myocardial infarction | ||||
| Yes | 27 (10.8) | 7 (25.9) | 20 (74.1) | 0.031 |
| No | 224 (89.2) | 107 (47.8) | 117 (52.2) | |
| Heart failure | ||||
| Yes | 35 (13.9) | 7 (20.0) | 28 (80.0) | 0.001 |
| No | 216 (86.1) | 107 (49.5) | 109 (50.5) | |
| Peripheral neuropathy | ||||
| Yes | 157 (62.5) | 67 (42.7) | 90 (57.3) | 0.259 |
| No | 94 (37.5) | 47 (50.0) | 47 (50.0) | |
| Glaucoma | ||||
| Yes | 19 (7.6) | 2 (10.5) | 17 (89.5) | 0.001 |
| No | 232 (92.4) | 112 (48.3) | 120 (51.7) | |
| Cataract | ||||
| Yes | 80 (31.9) | 12 (15.0) | 68 (85.0) | <0.001 |
| No | 171 (68.1) | 102 (59.6) | 69 (40.4) | |
SD=Standard deviation, HbA1c=Glycated hemoglobin