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. 2021 Jan 7;28(1):8–16. doi: 10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_334_20

Table 4.

Correlates of diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients attending diabetic clinic at Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

β SE AOR 95% CI P-value
Duration of diabetes (years)
 <5 (n=56)a 1.0 - -
 5-10 (n=69) 0.039 0.589 1.04 0.33-3.30 0.947
 11-16 (n=92) 1.259 0.596 3.52 1.10-11.33 0.035
 >16 (n=34) 1.328 0.899 3.77 0.62-21.98 0.140
Taking daily medications on time
 Yes (n=231)a 1.0 - -
 No (n=20) 2.277 0.857 9.75 1.82-52.29 0.008
Using of insulin to treat diabetes
 Yes (n=118)a 1.0 - -
 No (n=133) -1.199 0.494 0.30 0.11-0.79 0.015
Annual fundus examination
 Yes (n=178) 1.0 - -
 No (n=73) 1.287 0.503 3.62 1.35-9.71 0.011
Myocardial infarction
 Yes (n=27)a 1.0 - -
 No (n=224) -1.930 0.867 0.15 0.03-0.79 0.026
Glaucoma
 Yes (n=19)a 1.0 - -
 No (n=232) -2.847 0.995 0.06 0.01-0.41 0.004
Cataract
 Yes (n=80)a 1.0 - -
 No (n=171) -2.036 0.540 0.13 0.05-0.38 <0.001
Glycemic control
 Controlled (n=111)a 1.0 - --
 Uncontrolled (n=140) 2.500 0.491 12.18 4.65-31.89 <0.001
 BMI 0.103 0.046 1.11 1.01-1.21 0.024

aReference category. B=Slop, SE=Standard error, AOR=Adjusted odds ratio, CI=Confidence interval