Table 4.
Correlates of diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients attending diabetic clinic at Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| β | SE | AOR | 95% CI | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of diabetes (years) | |||||
| <5 (n=56)a | 1.0 | - | - | ||
| 5-10 (n=69) | 0.039 | 0.589 | 1.04 | 0.33-3.30 | 0.947 |
| 11-16 (n=92) | 1.259 | 0.596 | 3.52 | 1.10-11.33 | 0.035 |
| >16 (n=34) | 1.328 | 0.899 | 3.77 | 0.62-21.98 | 0.140 |
| Taking daily medications on time | |||||
| Yes (n=231)a | 1.0 | - | - | ||
| No (n=20) | 2.277 | 0.857 | 9.75 | 1.82-52.29 | 0.008 |
| Using of insulin to treat diabetes | |||||
| Yes (n=118)a | 1.0 | - | - | ||
| No (n=133) | -1.199 | 0.494 | 0.30 | 0.11-0.79 | 0.015 |
| Annual fundus examination | |||||
| Yes (n=178) | 1.0 | - | - | ||
| No (n=73) | 1.287 | 0.503 | 3.62 | 1.35-9.71 | 0.011 |
| Myocardial infarction | |||||
| Yes (n=27)a | 1.0 | - | - | ||
| No (n=224) | -1.930 | 0.867 | 0.15 | 0.03-0.79 | 0.026 |
| Glaucoma | |||||
| Yes (n=19)a | 1.0 | - | - | ||
| No (n=232) | -2.847 | 0.995 | 0.06 | 0.01-0.41 | 0.004 |
| Cataract | |||||
| Yes (n=80)a | 1.0 | - | - | ||
| No (n=171) | -2.036 | 0.540 | 0.13 | 0.05-0.38 | <0.001 |
| Glycemic control | |||||
| Controlled (n=111)a | 1.0 | - | -- | ||
| Uncontrolled (n=140) | 2.500 | 0.491 | 12.18 | 4.65-31.89 | <0.001 |
| BMI | 0.103 | 0.046 | 1.11 | 1.01-1.21 | 0.024 |
aReference category. B=Slop, SE=Standard error, AOR=Adjusted odds ratio, CI=Confidence interval