Table 3.
Association between antibiotic use and changes in microbiome alpha-diversity (species level) in children up to 12 years
| Study authors, year, type and setting | Age group | Antibiotic | Days of therapy | Time between exposure and analysis | Indices of alpha-diversity used | Placebo/Control Group mean (95% CI) |
Intervention group mean (95% CI or SD) |
Percentage difference | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doan et al.35 RCT Niger |
1–5 years | Azithromycin | Single dose | 5 days | Shannon Inverse Simpson |
15.42 (13.24–17.80) 6.91 (5.82–8.21) |
10.60 (8.82–12.36) 5.03 (4.08–6.14) |
−31.25% -27.21% |
p = .004 p = .03 |
| Oldenburg et al.39 RCT Burkino Faso |
6–59 months | Azithromycin | 5 days | 5 days | Shannon Inverse Simpson |
14.6 (13.0–16.2) 8.80 (7.5–10.1) |
11.0 (9.3–12.7) 6.6 (5.5–7.8) |
−24.65% -25.0% |
p < .001 p < .001 |
| Wei et al.29 RCT Denmark |
1–3 years | Azithromycin | 3 days | 14 days | Shannon | 3.41 (3.23–3.59) | 2.96 (2.69–3.23) | −13.19% | P = .009 |
| Parker et al.40 RCT India |
6–11 months | Azithromycin | 3 days | 12 days | Shannon | 2.8 (2.67–2.93) | 2.6 (2.47–2.73) | −7.14% | P = .087 |
| Bai et al.32 Cross-sectional China |
1–12 years | Cephalosporin, Penicillin | 10 days | 1–4 weeks | Shannon Simpson |
3.25* | 2.75* | −15.38% | P < .05 |
| Fouhy et al.36 Cohort Ireland |
New-born | Ampicillin; gentamicin | 2–9 days | 4 weeks | Shannon | 3.8† | 3.6† | −5.26% | P = .575 |
† Confidence intervals or standard deviation not available*approximate values taken from box and whisker plot.