Table 1.
Means and Standard Deviations or Proportions for Variables Used in the Analyses (N=9,750)
| Mean or Prop. | SD | Min. | Max. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome Variable | ||||
| ADHD Diagnosis Kindergarten (K)-5th Grades | 0.07 | 0 | 1 | |
| Parenting in Kindergarten | ||||
| Parental Intervention in School (std.) | 0.00 | 1.00 | −3 | 3 |
| Child Extra-Curricular Activities and Structured Leisure Time (std.) | 0.00 | 1.00 | −1 | 4 |
| Parent Expects Child to Obtain a Graduate Degree | 0.29 | 0 | 1 | |
| Cognitive Stimulation at Home (std.) | 0.00 | 1.00 | −3 | 3 |
| Number of Books at Home (std.) | 0.00 | 1.00 | −1 | 2 |
| Child Pre-Diagnosis ADHD-Related Behavioral Problems in First Grade/Wave Prior to Diagnosis | ||||
| Inattentive Behaviors Score (Teacher) | 0.00 | 0.88 | −1 | 2 |
| Hyperactivity Behaviors Score (Teacher) | 0.00 | 0.69 | −1 | 2 |
| Oppositional Defiance Disorder or Conduct Disorder Behaviors Score (Teacher) | 0.00 | 0.70 | −1 | 2 |
| Internalizing Problems Score (Teacher) | 0.00 | 0.62 | −1 | 2 |
| Inattentive Behaviors Score (Parent) | 0.00 | 0.73 | −1 | 2 |
| Hyperactivity Behaviors Score (Parent) | 0.00 | 0.69 | −1 | 2 |
| Oppositional Defiance Disorder or Conduct Disorder Behaviors Score (Parent) | 0.00 | 0.53 | −1 | 2 |
| Child Pre-Diagnosis Achievement Scores in Kindergarten | ||||
| Reading Achievement Score (std.) | 0.00 | 1.00 | −3 | 4 |
| Math Achievement Score (std.) | 0.00 | 1.00 | −3 | 4 |
| Classroom and Early Care Context in Kindergarten | ||||
| Average Behavior of Students in Kindergarten Class (Teacher) | 2.48 | 0.79 | 0 | 4 |
| Child Age (Months) at Kindergarten Entry | 65.58 | 4.35 | 37 | 83 |
| Child has been in Non-Family Care (e.g., Daycare or Pre-K) | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | |
| Number of Other Children in Household | 1.55 | 1.14 | 0 | 11 |
| Family Social Class | ||||
| Upper-Class Family | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | |
| Middle-Class Family | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | |
| Lower-Class Family | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | |
| Family Structure in Kindergarten | ||||
| Two Biological Parents in Household | 0.74 | 0 | 1 | |
| Single Mother | 0.17 | 0 | 1 | |
| Stepfather or Mother’s Cohabiting Partner | 0.05 | 0 | 1 | |
| Single Father | 0.02 | 0 | 1 | |
| Adopted Parents | 0.03 | 0 | 1 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 0.60 | 0 | 1 | |
| Black | 0.11 | 0 | 1 | |
| Hispanic | 0.18 | 0 | 1 | |
| Other Race/Ethnicity | 0.12 | 0 | 1 | |
| Other Demographic Characteristics | ||||
| Male | 0.51 | 0 | 1 | |
| Child Born Weighing Less than 5.5 lbs. (Low Birthweight) | 0.08 | 0 | 1 | |
| Child Not Covered by Insurance | 0.17 | 0 | 1 | |
| Current Age of Primary Caregiver (Usually Biological or Social Mother) | 33.93 | 6.42 | 18 | 83 |
| Mother Has Clinically Depressive Symptoms (CES-Depression Score >9) | 0.17 | 0 | 1 | |
| State Characteristics in Kindergarten | ||||
| Child Lives in Strict Consequential Accountability State | 0.71 | 0 | 1 | |
| Proportion of State Population Receiving Private Health Insurance Coverage in | ||||
| 1998 (Census Data) | 0.68 | 0.08 | 0 | 1 |
| Proportion of State Population Receiving Public Health Insurance Coverage in | ||||
| 1998 (Census Data) | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0 | 1 |
| State Per Pupil Expenditure in 1998–99 (Common Core of Data) | 6525.72 | 1253.61 | 4210 | 10145 |
| Average Student-Teacher Ratio in the State in 1998–99 (Common Core of Data) | 17.76 | 2.95 | 13 | 24 |
| Region | ||||
| Lives in Midwest | 0.27 | 0 | 1 | |
| Lives in Northeast | 0.18 | 0 | 1 | |
| Lives in West | 0.22 | 0 | 1 | |
| Lives in South | 0.31 | 0 | 1 | |
Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort of 1998–99.