Table 2. Initial chikugunya symptoms and treatment of serologically confirmed chikungunya patients, by persistent joint pain at median 20-month follow-up.
Significant p-values after Bonferroni-adjustment are in bold.
| Characteristic n (%) | All serologically confirmed cases (n= 485) | Persistent Joint Pain (n= 123) | No Persistent Joint Pain (n= 362) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial Symptoms | ||||
| Muscle pain | 471 (98%) | 119 (98%) | 352 (98%) | 0.99 |
| Weakness | 427 (88%) | 114 (93%) | 313 (86%) | 0.09 |
| Joint pain and/or inflammation | 476 (98%) | 120 (98%) | 356 (98%) | 0.70 |
| Rash | 409 (85%) | 104 (85%) | 305 (84%) | 0.99 |
| Fever | 376 (79%) | 99 (83%) | 277 (78%) | 0.28 |
| Headache | 354 (73%) | 101 (82%) | 253 (70%) | 0.009 |
| Lymphadenopathy | 343 (71%) | 90 (73%) | 253 (70%) | 0.52 |
| Cool extremities | 257 (53%) | 68 (55%) | 189 (52%) | 0.57 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 178 (37%) | 54 (44%) | 125 (35%) | 0.16 |
| Bruising | 76 (16%) | 22 (18%) | 54 (15%) | 0.42 |
| Hemorrhage | 11 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 10 (3%) | 0.21 |
| Nose bleed | 5 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 0.99 |
| Oral bleeding | 6 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 4 (1%) | 0.65 |
| Initial Rheumatic Symptoms during Acute Chikungunya Infection | ||||
| Wrist pain | 426 (90%) | 110 (92%) | 316 (89%) | 0.37 |
| Ankle pain | 412 (87%) | 113 (94%) | 299 (84%) | 0.0047 |
| Finger pain | 403 (84%) | 103 (86%) | 300 (84%) | 0.64 |
| Elbow pain | 395 (83%) | 111 (93%) | 284 (80%) | 0.0013 |
| Toe pain | 387 (81%) | 109 (92%) | 278 (78%) | 0.001 |
| Knee pain | 383 (80%) | 113 (94%) | 270 (76%) | <0.0001 |
| Hip pain | 342 (72%) | 106 (89%) | 236 (66%) | <0.0001 |
| Initial Chikungunya Virus Symptom Duration (days) | ||||
| <0.0001A | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 12.9 ± 30.6 | 14.2 ± 22.8 | 12.3 ± 33.3 | |
| Median (IQR) | 4 (3 – 8) | 5 (4 – 10) | 4 (3 – 7) | |
| Range | 1 – 365 | 1 – 90 | 1 – 365 | |
| Duration of Initial Joint Pain (weeks) | ||||
| <0.0001A | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 18.4 ± 32.4 | 45.3 ± 39.5 | 10.5 ± 25.1 | |
| Median (IQR) | 4 (2 – 16) | 40 (6 – 92) | 3 (2 – 8) | |
| Range | 0 – 365 | 0.6 – 104 | 0 – 365 | |
| Medications Used | ||||
| Acetaminophen | 478 (100%) | 122 (100%) | 356 (100%) | - |
| Ibuprofen | 36 (8%) | 11 (9%) | 25 (7%) | 0.47 |
| Prednisone | 5 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 3 (1%) | 0.61 |
| Medicinal Plants | 5 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 0.99 |
| Aspirin | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Methotrexate | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |