Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Optical transparency, porosity, mechanical integrity, and fabrication reproducibility of CA membranes obtained via vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) using different non-solvent mixtures.
| Non-solvent | Transparency | Porosity | Stability | Reproducibility |
| H2O (100%) | + | ++ | + | ++ |
| H2O (75%) + EtOH (25%) | ++ | +++ | ++ | − |
| H2O (50%) + EtOH (50%) | +++ | − | − | + |
| H2O (25%) + EtOH (75%) | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
| EtOH (100%) | − | +++ | +++ | − |
+++, optimal: ++, good; +, moderate; −, scarce.
