Table 2.
Sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral factors by subgroup of HIV-uninfected (UN) women.
| Unimpaired n (%) | Profile1-UN: visual and motor speed n (%) | Profile2-UN: learning, recall, and verbal fluency n (%) | Profile3-UN: motor speed n (%) | Profile4-UN: learning and memory n (%) | Profile5-UN: learning, memory, and speed n (%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 400 | 68 | 58 | 72 | 75 | 44 | |
| Enrollment wave | 0.24 | ||||||
| 1994–1995 | 111 (28) | 19 (28) | 20 (35) | 25 (35) | 28 (37) | 17 (38.6) | |
| 2001–2001 | 161 (40) | 33 (49) | 16 (28) | 25 (35) | 20 (27) | 12 (27.3) | |
| 2011–2013 | 44 (11) | 5 (7) | 5 (9) | 4 (6) | 7 (9) | 5 (11.4) | |
| 2013–2015 | 84 (21) | 11 (16) | 17 (29) | 18 (25) | 20 (27) | 10 (22.7) | |
| Clinic site locations | 0.40 | ||||||
| Chicago, DC, LA, NY, SF | 312 (78) | 56 (82) | 41 (71) | 54 (75) | 52 (69) | 34 (77.3) | |
| Atlanta, Birmingham, Chapel Hill, Jackson | 88 (22) | 12 (18) | 17 (29) | 18 (25) | 23 (31) | 10 (23) | |
| Sociodemographic | |||||||
| Age | 43.3 (9.7) | 42.4 (9.7) | 42.6 (10.9) | 43.4 (10.9) | 44.5 (9.0) | 44.3 (11.1) | 0.78 |
| Years of education | 12.7 (3.2) | 13.0 (2.9) | 12.7 (2.9) | 12.9 (2.6) | 12.4 (2.5) | 12.9 (3.7) | 0.89 |
| Race | 0.45 | ||||||
| Black non-Hispanic | 266 (66) | 47 (69) | 40 (69.0) | 48 (67) | 45 (60) | 33 (75) | |
| Hispanic | 84 (21) | 12 (18) | 10 (17) | 12 (17) | 12 (16) | 7 (16) | |
| Other | 15 (4) | 5 (7) | 2 (3) | 3 (4) | 7 (9) | 3 (7) | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 35 (9) | 4 (6) | 6 (10) | 9 (13) | 11 (15) | 1 (2) | |
| Annual income < $12,000 per year | 165 (41) | 31 (45.6) | 27 (46.6) | 38 (53) | 40 (53) | 25 (57) | 0.13 |
| Employed | 201 (50) | 22 (32.4) | 24 (41.4) | 22 (31) | 31 (42) | 17 (39) | 0.006 |
| Insured | 302 (76) | 55 (81) | 43 (74) | 61 (85) | 48 (64) | 35 (80) | 0.07 |
| Mental health and substance use | |||||||
| Depressive symptoms | 99 (25) | 30 (44.) | 19 (33) | 34 (47) | 17 (23) | 14 (32) | <0.001 |
| Higher perceived stress | 135 (34) | 29 (43) | 26 (45) | 34 (47) | 20 (27) | 15 (34) | 0.05 |
| Post-traumatic stress | 77 (19) | 21 (31) | 12 (21) | 20 (28) | 13 (17) | 9 (20) | 0.19 |
| Crack/Cocaine/Heroine | 0.77 | ||||||
| Recent | 33 (8) | 7 (10) | 8 (14) | 8 (11) | 7 (9) | 2 (5) | |
| Former | 200 (50) | 30 (44) | 27 (47) | 35 (49) | 41 (55) | 19 (43) | |
| Never | 167 (42) | 31 (46) | 23 (40) | 29 (40) | 27 (36) | 23 (52) | |
| Marijuana use | 0.01 | ||||||
| Recent | 85 (21) | 21 (31) | 18 (31) | 9 (13) | 19 (25) | 13 (30) | |
| Former | 226 (57) | 28 (41) | 24 (41) | 49 (68) | 48 (64) | 21 (48) | |
| Never | 89 (22) | 19 (28) | 16 (28) | 14 (19) | 8 (11) | 10 (23) | |
| Heavy drinker | 59 (16) | 10 (16) | 5 (10) | 9 (13) | 9 (13) | 3 (7) | 0.57 |
| Smoking | 0.91 | ||||||
| Recent | 172 (43) | 34 (50) | 27 (47) | 31 (43) | 37 (49) | 21 (48) | |
| Former | 114 (29) | 18 (27) | 15 (26) | 21 (29) | 24 (32) | 13 (30) | |
| Never | 114 (29) | 16 (24) | 16 (28) | 20 (28) | 14 (19) | 10 (23) | |
| Female-specific factors | |||||||
| Ever pregnant | 366 (92) | 62 (91) | 53 (91) | 63 (88) | 66 (88) | 42 (96) | 0.69 |
| History of oopherectomy | 48 (13) | 7 (10) | 9 (17) | 6 (9) | 12 (17) | 5 (12) | 0.68 |
| Ever use oral contraceptives | 340 (85) | 51 (75) | 46 (79) | 61 (85) | 60 (80) | 35 (80) | 0.34 |
| Ever use hormone therapy | 63 (16) | 11 (16) | 11 (19) | 11 (15) | 11 (15) | 6 (14) | 0.98 |
| Menopause stage | 0.75 | ||||||
| Peri- | 74 (19) | 7 (11) | 12 (22) | 16 (23) | 12 (16) | 7 (16) | |
| Post- | 134 (34) | 20 (31) | 19 (35) | 25 (35) | 26 (36) | 18 (41) | |
| Pre- | 182 (47) | 38 (59) | 24 (44) | 30 (42) | 35 (48) | 19 (43) | |
| Non-ART use | |||||||
| NCAE | 53 (13) | 12 (18) | 8 (14) | 12 (17) | 8 (11) | 5 (11) | 0.81 |
| Meds with anticholinergic properties | 41 (10) | 10 (15) | 5 (9) | 9 (13) | 6 (8) | 3 (7) | 0.70 |
| Anticonvulsants | 11 (3) | 0 (0) | 3 (5) | 3 (4) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.40 |
| Statins | 13 (3) | 4 (6) | 2 (4) | 2 (3) | 5 (7) | 2 (5) | 0.70 |
| Anticholinergics | 4 (1) | 2 (3) | 1 (2) | 2 (3) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.65 |
| Antipsychotics | 13 (3) | 4 (6) | 3 (5) | 1 (1) | 5 (7) | 1 (2) | 0.47 |
| Amphetamines | 1 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.52 |
| Opioids | 16 (4) | 4 (6) | 3 (5) | 6 (8) | 3 (4) | 2 (5) | 0.72 |
| Beta blockers | 3 (1) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.54 |
| Gastrointestinal agents | 5 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 2 (3) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.72 |
| Antihistamines | 17 (4) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.48 |
| Muscle relaxants | 7 (2) | 2 (3) | 1 (2) | 2 (3) | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | 0.97 |
| Antidepressants | 29 (7) | 6 (9) | 6 (10) | 7 (10) | 5 (7) | 3 (7) | 0.93 |
ART, antiretrovirals; M, mean; NCAE, medications with adverse neurocognitive effects; SD, standard deviation.