Table 3.

Multivariable Cox Regression Model for Mortality in 2020 Among the Entire NHIS-COVID-19 Cohort

	Multivariable Model
Variable	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	P Value
COVID-19 (vs control)	2.11 (1.85–2.40)	<.001
Age, 10-y increase	2.01 (1.98–2.05)	<.001
Sex, male (vs female)	1.64 (1.58–1.70)	<.001
Annual income level in 2020
Q1 (lowest)	1
Q2	0.96 (0.91–1.02)	.170
Q3	0.90 (0.85–0.95)	<.001
Q4 (highest)	0.80 (0.77–0.84)	<.001
Unknown	1.14 (0.98–1.32)	.091
Residence at 2010
Seoul	1
Gyeonggi-do	1.08 (1.03–1.14)	.004
Daegu	0.34 (0.32–0.37)	<.001
Gyeongsangbookdo	0.63 (0.58–0.68)	<.001
Other area	1.04 (0.99–1.09)	.132
Underlying disability
Mild degree (vs no disability)	1.00 (0.95–1.06)	.927
Moderate to severe (vs no disability)	1.33 (1.25–1.41)	<.001
Charlson comorbidity index, 1-point increase (in other model)	1.10 (1.10–1.11)	<.001
Hypertension	1.12 (1.06–1.18)	<.001
Myocardial infarction	0.98 (0.92–1.054)	.530
Congestive heart failure	1.19 (1.14–1.25)	<.001
Peripheral vascular disease	0.90 (0.86–0.93)	<.001
Cerebrovascular disease	0.94 (0.90–0.98)	.008
Peptic ulcer disease	0.89 (0.85–0.92)	<.001
DM without chronic complication	1.11 (1.06–1.16)	<.001
DM with chronic complication	1.05 (1.01–1.10)	.033
Renal disease	1.12 (1.07–1.19)	<.001
Hemiplegia or paraplegia	1.23 (1.15–1.32)	<.001
Rheumatic disease	0.88 (0.84–0.93)	<.001
Mild liver disease	0.97 (0.93–1.02)	.238
Moderate to severe liver disease	1.76 (1.60–1.94)	<.001
Chronic pulmonary disease	0.88 (0.84–0.92)	<.001
Any cancer	1.56 (1.49–1.63)	<.001
Metastatic solid tumor	2.85 (2.70–3.01)	<.001
HIV/AIDS	0.96 (0.68–1.35)	.821

C-index: 0.90 (0.89–0.90).

Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; DM, diabetes mellitus; NHIS, National Health Insurance Service.