Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Variable | M (SD) or frequency (%) Whole sample (n = 355) | M (SD) or frequency (%) Mild/ moderate (n = 144) | M (SD) or frequency (%) Severe/ very severe (n = 94) | M (SD) or frequency (%) Critical (n = 117) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 84.3 (6.51) | 84.2 (6.54) | 85.8 (6.69) | 83.2 (6.15) | 0.02 |
| Female gender | 164 (46.2) | 69 (47.9) | 46 (48.9) | 49 (41.9) | 0.51 |
|
Race White Black Asian Other |
239 (67.3) 45 (12.7) 41 (11.5) 30 (8.5) |
99 (68.8) 21 (14.6) 12 (8.3) 12 (8.3) |
58 (61.7) 13 (13.8) 16 (17.0) 7 (7.4) |
82 (70.1) 11 (9.4) 13 (11.1) 11 (9.4) |
0.41 |
|
Ethnicity Non-Hispanic Hispanic Unknown |
323 (91.0) 27 (7.6) 5 (1.4) |
131 (91.0) 12 (8.3) 1 (0.7) |
88 (93.6) 6 (6.4) 0 (0.0) |
104 (88.9) 9 (7.7) 4 (3.4) |
0.35 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Obesity | 56 (15.8) | 16 (14.2) | 12 (14.6) | 28 (26.4) | 0.04 |
|
Smoking Never Active Former Unknown |
94 (26.5) 6 (1.7) 30 (8.5) 225 (63.4) |
38 (26.4) 4 (2.8) 12 (8.3) 90 (62.5) |
20 (21.3) 0 (0.0) 8 (8.5) 66 (70.2) |
36 (31.0) 2 (1.7) 10 (8.6) 69 (59.0) |
0.52 |
| Hypertension | 279 (78.6) | 108 (75.5) | 74 (78.7) | 97 (82.9) | 0.35 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 120 (33.8) | 49 (34.3) | 30 (31.9) | 41 (35.0) | 0.89 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 37 (10.4) | 9 (6.3) | 13 (13.8) | 15 (12.8) | 0.11 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 78 (22.0) | 25 (17.5) | 23 (24.5) | 30 (25.6) | 0.23 |
| Heart failure | 93 (26.2) | 35 (26.1) | 25 (28.1) | 33 (30.6) | 0.75 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 34 (9.6) | 14 (9.8) | 11 (11.7) | 9 (7.7) | 0.61 |
| Asthma | 14 (3.9) | 4 (2.8) | 5 (5.3) | 5 (4.3) | 0.62 |
| Deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism | 17 (4.8) | 7 (4.9) | 4 (4.3) | 6 (5.1) | 0.77 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 25 (7.0) | 9 (6.3) | 6 (6.4) | 10 (8.5) | 0.75 |
| Coronary artery disease | 93 (26.2) | 41 (28.7) | 21 (22.3) | 31 (26.5) | 0.56 |
|
Cancer No Active treatment Past 5 years |
316 (89.0) 17 (4.8) 21 (5.9) |
123 (86.0) 11 (7.7) 9 (6.3) |
84 (89.4) 6 (6.4) 4 (4.3) |
109 (93.2) 0 (0.0) 8 (6.8) |
0.01 |
| Dementia | 88 (24.8) | 27 (18.9) | 39 (41.5) | 22 (18.8) | <0.001 |
| Presenting symptoms | |||||
| Fever | 177 (49.9) | 64 (45.1) | 52 (55.3) | 61 (52.1) | 0.27 |
| Cough | 146 (41.1) | 57 (40.1) | 34 (36.2) | 55 (47.4) | 0.24 |
| Anosmia | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | 0.60 |
| Ageusia | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.27 |
| Myalgia | 34 (9.6) | 15 (10.6) | 4 (4.3) | 15 (12.8) | 0.10 |
| Nausea | 16 (4.5) | 9 (6.3) | 4 (4.3) | 3 (2.6) | 0.34 |
| Vomiting | 14 (3.9) | 9 (6.4) | 4 (4.3) | 1 (0.9) | 0.06 |
| Diarrhea | 24 (6.8) | 10 (7.0) | 9 (9.6) | 5 (4.3) | 0.31 |
| Shortness of breath | 209 (58.9) | 59 (41.5) | 65 (69.1) | 85 (72.6) | <0.001 |
| Chest pain | 18 (5.1) | 8 (5.6) | 6 (6.4) | 4 (3.4) | 0.56 |
| Vital signs | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 129.6 (24.68) | 129.9 (22.53) | 129.0 (24.62) | 129.6 (27.30) | 0.96 |
| Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 73.7 (19.07) | 74.0 (16.82) | 74.0 (19.90) | 73.0 (21.00) | 0.90 |
| Heart rate [per minute] | 93.8 (21.68) | 91.1 (20.39) | 95.4 (19.86) | 95.9 (24.27) | 0.15 |
| Oxygen saturation | 91.7 (8.08) | 94.3 (5.47) | 89.6 (9.52) | 90.3 (8.67) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate [per minute] | 24.7 (7.19) | 21.4 (4.00) | 26.3 (7.82) | 27.3 (8.14) | <0.001 |
Note: Mm mean; SD, standard deviation. Sample size for continuous variables less than 355 are: systolic blood pressure (n = 353), diastolic blood pressure (n = 353), heart rate (n = 352), oxygen saturation (n = 351) and respiratory rate (n = 353). Sample size for categorical variables missing are: obesity (n = 54), hypertension (n = 1), diabetes mellitus (n = 1), cerebrovascular accident (n = 1), atrial fibrillation (n = 1), heart failure (n = 24), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 1), chronic kidney disease (n = 2), asthma (n = 1), deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (n = 2), coronary artery disease (n = 1), cancer (n = 1), dementia (n = 1), fever (n = 2), cough (n = 3), anosmia (n = 3), ageusia (n = 2), myalgia (n = 3), nausea (n = 2), vomiting (n = 3), diarrhea (n = 2), shortness of breath (n = 2) and chest pain (n = 2).