Table 2.
Management and outcomes
| Variable | M (SD) or frequency (%) Whole sample (n = 355) | M (SD) or frequency (%) Mild/moderate (n = 144) | M (SD) or frequency (%) Severe/very severe (n = 94) | M (SD) or frequency (%) Critical (n = 117) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory values | |||||
| White blood cell,k/μl | 9.4 (5.81) | 8.6 (5.24) | 10.0 (9.67) | 9.7 (5.39) | 0.01 |
| Lymphocyte count,k/μl | 12.5 (9.96) | 13.8 (10.82) | 11.5 (9.84) | 11.9 (8.84) | 0.17 |
| Platelets,k/μl | 208.5 (95.49) | 216.7 (97.85) | 214.4 (101.93) | 194.2 (86.28) | 0.10 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 12.3 (2.21) | 12.1 (2.21) | 12.1 (2.30) | 12.5 (2.12) | 0.23 |
| Serum sodium, mmol/l | 139.3 (8.87) | 137.7 (7.49) | 142.6 (10.00) | 138.7 (8.80) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 1.83 (1.78) | 1.6 (1.38) | 1.9 (1.70) | 2.1 (2.18) | 0.02 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dl (highest) | 18.5 (10.88) | 13.2 (8.71) | 20.7 (10.87) | 22.4 (10.81) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, ng/ml (highest) | 1107.9 (1369.00) | 863.3 (1026.64) | 944.5 (1126.15) | 1478.8 (1724.85) | 0.01 |
| D-dimer, ng/ml (highest) | 5810.0 (10 920.07) | 3257.2 (7377.53) | 7812.1 (14 399.90) | 6933.7 (10 855.24) | 0.02 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, IU/l (highest) | 561.8(546.16) | 403.9(166.42) | 501.6(240.44) | 762.9(825.58) | <0.001 |
| Glomerular filtration rate | 44.2 (17.78) | 47.6 (16.44) | 41.5 (17.94) | 42.3 (18.63) | 0.02 |
| Troponin ng/ml (highest) | 1.0 (5.82) | 0.3 (1.62) | 1.0 (6.35) | 1.6 (7.99) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/ml (highest) [mean] | 3.2 (6.90) | 2.7 (7.61) | 2.0 (2.50) | 4.7 (8.10) | 0.002 |
| Alanine transaminase, IU/l [mean] | 38.6 (63.12) | 30.4 (35.16) | 36.9 (53.06) | 49.9 (89.91) | 0.15 |
| Aspartate transaminase, IU/l | 69.5 (111.85) | 52.6 (54.04) | 66.1 (69.88) | 92.3 (171.89) | 0.001 |
| Intubation | 117 (33.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 117 (100.0) | — |
| Treatment management | |||||
| Vasopressor | 96 (27.0) | 4 (2.9) | 6 (6.4) | 86 (74.1) | <0.001 |
| Hemodialysis | 36 (10.1) | 6 (4.3) | 5 (5.4) | 25 (21.4) | <0.001 |
| ECMO support | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | 0.61 |
| Blood transfusion | 35 (9.9) | 7 (5.1) | 4 (4.3) | 24 (20.5) | <0.001 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 248 (69.9) | 76 (54.3) | 68 (72.3) | 104 (88.9) | <0.001 |
| Azithromycin | 258 (72.7) | 82 (59.0) | 73 (77.7) | 103 (88.0) | <0.001 |
| Ritonavir/lopinavir | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | 0.60 |
| Steroids | 60 (16.9) | 8 (5.8) | 10 (10.6) | 42 (36.2) | <0.001 |
| Prophylactic anticoagulation | 232 (65.4) | 84 (60.4) | 64 (68.8) | 84 (73.0) | 0.09 |
| Therapeutic anticoagulation | 90 (25.4) | 28 (20.1) | 25 (26.9) | 37 (31.6) | 0.11 |
| Convalescent plasma | 7 (2.0) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.1) | 5 (4.3) | 0.14 |
| Remdesivir | 7 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C | 350 (98.6) | 42 (30.2) | 36 (38.3) | 53 (45.3) | 0.045 |
| Zinc | 105 (29.6) | 37 (26.6) | 25 (26.6) | 43 (36.8) | 0.15 |
| Tocilizumab | 11 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.1) | 9 (7.7) | 0.001 |
| Antibiotics for suspected bacterial infection | 270 (76.1) | 82 (59.0) | 78 (83.0) | 110 (94.0) | <0.001 |
| Complications | |||||
| Deep vein thrombosis/ pulmonary embolism | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.7) | 0.73 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 3 (0.8) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.0) | 1.00 |
| Bacteremia/fungemia | 36 (10.1) | 5 (3.6) | 8 (8.6) | 23 (19.8) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Mortality | 203 (57.2) | 25 (17.4) | 67 (71.3) | 111 (94.9) | <0.001 |
| Length of stay (days) | 7.8 (7.10) | 5.6 (4.77) | 7.7 (5.92) | 10.6 (9.14) | <0.001 |
Note: M, mean; SD, standard deviation. Sample size for continuous variables less than 355 are: white blood cell (n = 351), lymphocyte (n = 317), platelet (n = 345), hemoglobin (n = 347), serum sodium (n = 350),creatinine (n = 347), ferritin (n = 287), D-dimer (n = 156), lactate dehydrogenase (n = 298), glomerular filtration rate—admission (n = 346), troponin (n = 325), procalcitonin (n = 270), alanine transaminase—admission (n = 313) and aspartate transaminase—admission (n = 313). Sample size for categorical variables missing are: vasopressor (n = 6), hemodialysis (n = 6), ECMO support (n = 6), blood transfusion (n = 6), hydroxychloroquine (n = 4), azithromycin (n = 5), ritonavir/lopinavir (n = 6), steroids (n = 6), prophylactic anticoagulation (n = 8), therapeutic anticoagulation (n = 6), convalescent plasma (n = 5), remdesivir (n = 5), vitamin C (n = 5), zinc (n = 5), antibiotics for suspected bacterial infection (n = 5), diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (n = 2), diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident (n = 7) and diagnosis of bacteremia/fungemia (n = 9). Comparison between groups reports percentages only for cases analyzed and does not include missing cases. Prophylactic anticoagulation included lovenox 40 mg (n = 34, 9.6%),lovenox 60 mg (n = 73, 20.6%), heparin (n = 71, 20.0%) and low dose apixaban (n = 54, 15.2%). Therapeutic anticoagulation included lovenox (n = 46, 13.0%), heparin drip (n = 6, 1.7%), DOAC (n = 35, 9.9%) and coumadin (n = 3, 0.8%). Laboratory values are on admission unless otherwise specified.