Table 2.
Logistic Regression Models of Loneliness, the Understanding America Study (N = 3,253)
| Variables | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||
| Age (ref: aged 70+) | ||
| Aged 50–59 | 1.92*** | 1.40−2.62 |
| Aged 60–69 | 1.55** | 1.16−2.08 |
| Female | 1.56*** | 1.24−1.96 |
| Race/ethnicity (ref: White) | ||
| Black | 0.59* | 0.39−0.89 |
| Hispanic | 0.40** | 0.24−0.68 |
| Asian | 0.73 | 0.37−1.42 |
| Other | 0.56 | 0.27−1.14 |
| Household composition (ref: with a spouse/partner only) | ||
| Single | 2.35*** | 1.66−3.31 |
| Spouse/partner and other family and/or nonfamily | 1.17 | 0.85−1.60 |
| Nonspouse/partner family and/or nonfamily | 1.99*** | 1.40−2.82 |
| Education (ref: bachelor’s+) | ||
| High school or less | 1.05 | 0.79−1.41 |
| Some college | 0.89 | 0.69−1.15 |
| Household income (ref: $100k+) | ||
| <$30k | 1.47* | 1.004−2.16 |
| $30k–$59,999 | 1.32 | 0.93−1.86 |
| $60k–$99,999 | 1.07 | 0.76−1.49 |
| Government’s requirement for social distancing | ||
| Yes | 1.10 | 0.88−1.38 |
| COVID-19-related social distancing measures | ||
| Avoided public spaces, gatherings, or crowds | 0.76 | 0.54−1.08 |
| Canceled or postponed social activities | 1.33* | 1.06−1.68 |
| No social visits with friends, neighbors, or relatives | 1.13 | 0.89−1.43 |
| No close contact with people living together | 1.47* | 1.09−1.99 |
| No close contact with people not living together | 0.98 | 0.77−1.25 |
| Significant interaction effects | ||
| Gender | ||
| Female × No close contact with people living together | 0.55* | 0.34−0.87 |
| Race/ethnicity (ref: White) | ||
| Black × No close contact with people living together | 0.40* | 0.19−0.85 |
| Hispanic × No close contact with people living together | 0.90 | 0.28−2.82 |
| Asian × No close contact with people living together | 0.64 | 0.16−2.56 |
| Other × No close contact with people living together | 0.92 | 0.22−3.86 |
| Education (ref: bachelor’s+) | ||
| High school or less × No close contact with people living together | 0.40** | 0.23−0.71 |
| Some college × No close contact with people living together | 0.66 | 0.39−1.13 |
| Household income (ref: $100k+) | ||
| <$30k × No close contact with people living together | 0.48 | 0.23−1.00 |
| <$30k–$59,999 × No close contact with people living together | 0.45* | 0.21−0.95 |
| <$60k–$99,999 × No close contact with people living together | 0.50 | 0.22−1.12 |
Notes: Estimates were weighted.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.