Table 1.
Methodologies used in vitro to assess the antiviral activity of propolis. All the works below may be found on the PubMed platform. PFU, plaque-forming unit; RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; CPE, cytopathic effect; CCK-8, cell counting kit 8
| Virus | Cell line | Incubation (h) | Assay | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enteric viruses | MS2, AV-08 Bacteriophages | 24 | PFU | [72] |
| HSV-1 | CEM | 72 | ELISA (p24 antigen) |
[168] |
| HSV-1 | CEM | 72 | ELISA (p24 antigen) |
[169] |
| HSV-2 | RC-37 | 72 | Neutral red PFU |
[170] |
| HSV-2 | RC-37 | 72 | Neutral red PFU |
[171] |
| HSV-1; 2 | MDBK | 24 | Neutral red neutral assay |
[172] |
| H1N1, H3N2 and B/Lee | Embryonated hen’s eggs | 48–72 | Morphological changes Infectious titter |
[173] |
| H7N7 | CEF | 72 | CPE | [174] |
| H1N1 | MDCK | 72–96 | Trypan blue PFU |
[175] |
| H1N1 | MDCK | 96 | Trypan blue CPE |
[176] |
| HIV | H9 T | 96 | Cell count ELISA (p24 antigen) |
[177] |
| HIV | CD4+ lymphocytes | 168 | Trypan blue MTT ELISA (p24 antigen) |
[178] |
| PV1 | HEp-2 | 48 | Crystal violet RT-qPCR |
[179] |
| IBDV and reovirus | CEF | 120 | Crystal violet CPE |
[180] |
| NDV and IBDV | CEF | 120 | Crystal violet CPE |
[181] |
| CDV | Vero | 48 | MTT RT-qPCR |
[182] |
| HSV-1; 2 | HEp-2 | 72 | Trypan blue MTT RT-qPCR |
[183] |
| HSV-1, H1N1, HPIV and adenovirus | HEp‐2 | 48 | CPE | [184] |
| PPV | PK-15 | 48 | CCK-8 solution RT-qPCR |
[185] |
| PPV | PK-15 | 72 | MTT RT-qPCR |
[186] |
| RSV | HEp-2 | 72 | MTT | [187] |
| VZV | LEP | 216 | Neutral red PFU |
[188] |