Table 2.
Sociodemographic characteristics and PHQ-4 scores for study participants (N = 1978)
| Variable | N (%) | PHQ-2 scores, M (±SE) | P-value | GAD-2 scores, M (±SE) | P-value | PHQ-4 scores, M (±SE) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 970 (49) | 2.29 (0.06) | <0.001 | 2.23 (0.05) | 0.37 | 4.52 (0.12) | 0.05 |
| Female | 1008 (51) | 1.91 (0.05) | 2.31 (0.06) | 4.22 (0.11) | |||
| Race | |||||||
| White | 1455 (74) | 2.11 (0.05 | 0.09 | 2.30 (0.05) | 0.02 | 4.40 (0.10) | 0.03 |
| Black | 218 (11) | 2.35 (0.13) | 2.51 (0.14) | 4.85 (0.25) | |||
| Asian | 194 (10) | 1.84 (0.12) | 1.93 (0.13) | 3.76 (0.24) | |||
| Multiracial | 46 (2) | 2.01 (0.25) | 2.11 (0.18) | 4.11 (0.50) | |||
| Other | 65 (3) | 2.07 (0.23) | 2.13 (0.20) | 4.19 (0.38) | |||
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Hispanic | 379 (19) | 3.08 (0.09) | <0.001 | 3.13 (0.10) | <0.001 | 6.21 (0.16) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic | 1599 (81) | 1.87 (0.04) | 2.07 (0.05) | 3.94 (0.09) | |||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single/never married | 649 (33) | 2.12 (0.07) | <0.001 | 2.25 (0.07) | <0.001 | 4.36 (0.13) | <0.001 |
| Married | 1104 (56) | 2.20 (0.06) | 2.36 (0.06) | 4.56 (0.11) | |||
| Engaged/living with a partner | 101 (5) | 2.05 (0.18) | 2.53 (0.18) | 4.58 (0.33) | |||
| Divorced/separated/widow | 124 (6) | 1.24 (0.15) | 1.38 (0.15) | 2.62 (0.27) | |||
| Children at home | |||||||
| Yes | 931 (47) | 2.35 (0.06) | <0.001 | 2.50 (0.06) | <0.001 | 4.85 (0.11) | <0.001 |
| No | 1047 (53) | 1.88 (0.04) | 2.06 (0.05) | 3.94 (0.09) | |||
| Education | |||||||
| ≤High school | 111 (6) | 2.00 (0.18) | <0.001 | 2.07 (0.19) | 0.002 | 4.08 (0.36) | <0.001 |
| Some college education | 332 (17) | 1.98 (0.11) | 2.01 (0.10) | 3.99 (0.18) | |||
| Bachelor’s degree | 961 (49) | 2.27(0.06) | 2.43 (0.06) | 4.70 (0.11) | |||
| ≥Master’s degree | 574 (29) | 1.89 (0.08) | 2.20 (0.08) | 4.08 (0.14) | |||
| Current employment status | |||||||
| Full time | 1351 (68) | 2.15 (0.05) | 0.04 | 2.30 (0.05) | 0.08 | 4.45 (0.09) | 0.04 |
| Part time | 312 (16) | 2.12 (0.10) | 2.35 (0.09) | 4.47 (0.19) | |||
| Not employed | 315 (16) | 1.86 (0.11) | 2.07 (0.11) | 3.92 (0.21) | |||
| Healthcare worker | |||||||
| Yes | 509 (26) | 2.90 (0.08) | <0.001 | 3.00 (0.08) | <0.001 | 5.89 (0.15) | <0.001 |
| No | 1469 (74) | 1.82 (0.05) | 2.02 (0.05) | 3.85 (0.09) | |||
| Annual household income | |||||||
| <60 000 | 998 (51) | 2.39 (0.06) | <0.001 | 2.51 (0.06) | <0.001 | 4.90 (0.11) | <0.001 |
| ≥60 000 | 980 (49) | 1.80 (0.05) | 2.04 (0.05) | 3.83(0.10) | |||
| Area of residence | |||||||
| Rural | 424 (21) | 2.42 (0.09) | <0.001 | 2.49 (0.09) | <0.001 | 4.90 (0.18) | <0.001 |
| Urban | 818 (41) | 2.36 (0.06) | 2.54 (0.06) | 4.91 (0.12) | |||
| Suburban | 736 (37) | 1.62 (0.05) | 1.85 (0.06) | 3.46 (0.11) | |||
| Region in USA | |||||||
| Northeast | 251 (13) | 2.16 (0.11) | <0.001 | 2.24 (0.12) | <0.001 | 4.41 (0.22) | <0.001 |
| Midwest | 664 (34) | 1.86 (0.07) | 2.16 (0.08) | 4.02 (0.13) | |||
| South | 589 (30) | 1.96 (0.08) | 2.12 (0.07) | 4.07 (0.14) | |||
| West | 462 (23) | 2.55 (0.09) | 2.63 (0.09) | 5.19 (0.16) | |||
| Age group | |||||||
| 18–25 years | 376 (19) | 2.43 (0.09) | <0.001 | 2.59 (0.09) | <0.001 | 5.01 (0.16) | <0.001 |
| 26–40 years | 877 (44) | 2.32 (0.06) | 2.44 (0.06) | 4.75 (0.11) | |||
| 41–60 years | 542 (27) | 1.82 (0.07) | 2.08 (0.07) | 3.90 (0.14) | |||
| ≥61 years | 183 (9) | 1.21 (0.12) | 1.39 (0.12) | 2.69 (0.24) | |||
N (%) indicates the frequency and percentages. M (±SE) indicates average scores for each item and subscale for the total population. PHQ-2, GAD-2 and PHQ-4 scores indicate the levels of depression, anxiety and psychological distress (both anxiety and depression symptoms). P indicates the alpha value for statistical significance.