Table I.
Omnibus chi-square tests assessing associations of demographic and social factors with adherence to the COVID-19 mitigation measures
| Demographic and social factors | Adherence to mitigation measures |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical distancing |
Mask/face covering use |
Hand washing/sanitizing |
Cleaning/disinfecting surfaces |
Four measures combineda |
|||||||||||
| Low % | High % | Adjusted F | Low % | High % | Adjusted F | Low % | High % | Adjusted F | Low % | High % | Adjusted F | Low % | High % | Adjusted F | |
| Gender | |||||||||||||||
| Male | 10.3 | 89.7 | F(1, 1011) = 5.69, P = 0.02 | 9.6 | 90.4 | F(1, 1011) = 3.19, P = 0.08 | 5.9 | 94.1 | F(1, 1011) = 6.23, P = 0.01 | 20.3 | 79.7 | F(1, 1011) = 13.0, P = 0.000 | 61.8 | 38.2 | F(1, 1011) = 15.87, P = 0.00 |
| Female | 5.4 | 94.6 | 5.5 | 94.5 | 2.4 | 97.6 | 9.9 | 90.1 | 45.3 | 54.7 | |||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||
| 18–29 | 9.3 | 90.7 | F(2.92, 2952.35) = 0.87, P = 0.46 | 13.9 | 86.1 | F(2.85, 2882.2) = 3.03, P = 0.03 | 6.5 | 93.5 | F(2.92, 2551.89) = 2.66, P = 0.05 | 16.0 | 84.0 | F(2.94, 2976.82) = 0.58, P = 0.63 | 48.1 | 51.9 | F(2.87, 2905.08) = 1.31, P = 0.27 |
| 30–44 | 8.9 | 91.1 | 7.8 | 92.2 | 6.3 | 93.7 | 15.1 | 84.9 | 58.9 | 41.1 | |||||
| 45–59 | 8.5 | 91.5 | 5.1 | 94.9 | 2.9 | 97.1 | 11.9 | 88.1 | 55.6 | 44.4 | |||||
| 60+ | 5.2 | 94.8 | 4.8 | 95.2 | 1.6 | 98.4 | 16.6 | 83.4 | 50.3 | 49.7 | |||||
| Education | |||||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 12.0 | 88.0 | F(2.86, 2896.78) = 1.53, P = 0.21 | 6.2 | 93.8 | F(2.81, 2840.58) = 2.48, P = 0.06 | 6.0 | 94.0 | F(2.89, 2917.84) = 1.20, P = 0.31 | 14.3 | 85.7 | F(2.89, 2922.64) = 0.69, P = 0.55 | 55.2 | 44.8 | F(3, 2990.74 = 0.80, P = 0.49 |
| High school | 8.2 | 91.8 | 9.9 | 90.1 | 5.7 | 94.3 | 13.3 | 86.7 | 47.1 | 52.9 | |||||
| Some college | 9.1 | 90.9 | 9.9 | 90.1 | 3.8 | 96.2 | 13.5 | 86.5 | 49.0 | 51.0 | |||||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 5.0 | 95.0 | 3.8 | 96.2 | 2.4 | 97.6 | 17.7 | 82.3 | 56.5 | 43.5 | |||||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
| White, non- Hispanic | 8.0 | 92.0 | F(2.43, 2458.72) = 0.37, P = 0.73 | 8.2 | 91.8 | F(2.40, 2428.14) = 0.92, P = 0.41 | 3.4 | 96.6 | F(2.43, 2882.2) = 0.57, P = 0.60 | 16.1 | 83.9 | F(2.27, 2292.55 = 0.91, P = 0.41 | 55.2 | 44.8 | F(2.87, 2905.08 = 0.90, P = 0.41 |
| Black, non- Hispanic | 5.2 | 94.8 | 4.4 | 95.6 | 4.6 | 95.4 | 14.0 | 86.0 | 47.1 | 52.9 | |||||
| Hispanic | 8.4 | 91.6 | 6.0 | 94.0 | 5.0 | 95.0 | 10.6 | 89.4 | 49.0 | 51.0 | |||||
| Other, non- Hispanic | 8.6 | 91.4 | 9.5 | 90.5 | 6.6 | 93.4 | 16.1 | 83.9 | 56.5 | 43.5 | |||||
| Income | |||||||||||||||
| <$10,000 | 11.0 | 89.0 | F(5.44, 5499.98) = 0.39, P = 0.87 | 17.2 | 82.8 | F(5.24, 5294.01) = 0.77, P = 0.58 | 15.1 | 84.9 | F(5.17, 5221.5) = 2.23, P = 0.05 | 24.3 | 75.7 | F(5.51, 5569.25) = 1.93, P = 0.08 | 49.5 | 50.5 | F(5.48, 5541.07) = 1.00, P = 0.43 |
| $10 000 to <$25 000 | 8.1 | 91.9 | 7.3 | 92.7 | 5.7 | 94.3 | 11.0 | 89.0 | 58.3 | 41.7 | |||||
| $25 000 to <$50 000 | 8.8 | 91.2 | 6.9 | 93.1 | 1.2 | 98.8 | 12.2 | 87.8 | 47.3 | 52.7 | |||||
| $50 000 to <$75 000 | 5.5 | 94.5 | 5.2 | 94.8 | 2.3 | 97.7 | 13.0 | 87.0 | 49.1 | 50.9 | |||||
| $75 000 to <$100 000 | 9.9 | 90.1 | 9.8 | 90.2 | 6.6 | 93.4 | 25.5 | 74.5 | 59.7 | 40.3 | |||||
| $100 000 to <$150 000 | 6.4 | 93.6 | 5.5 | 94.5 | 3.2 | 96.8 | 12.5 | 87.5 | 58.0 | 42.0 | |||||
| >$150 000 | 8.0 | 92.0 | 8.9 | 91.1 | 4.9 | 95.1 | 14.4 | 85.6 | 52.0 | 48.0 | |||||
| Party identification | |||||||||||||||
| Republican | 11.8 | 88.2 | F(1.77, 1789.35) = 8.24, P = 0.001 | 7.8 | 92.2 | F(2, 2012.31) = 2.39, P = 0.09 | 5.1 | 94.9 | F(1.86, 1883.25) = 2.15, P = 0.12 | 21.4 | 78.6 | F(2, 2020.60) = 5.19, P = 0.01 | 65.5 | 34.5 | F(2, 2021) = 9.06, P = 0.00 |
| Democrat | 2.6 | 97.4 | 3.6 | 96.4 | 1.9 | 98.1 | 9.7 | 90.3 | 43.3 | 56.7 | |||||
| Independent | 7.9 | 92.1 | 9.0 | 91.0 | 4.3 | 95.7 | 14.7 | 85.3 | 57.0 | 43.0 | |||||
| Employment | |||||||||||||||
| Employed | 10.0 | 90.0 | F(4.24, 4285.75) = 2.28, P = 0.06 | 8.1 | 91.9 | F(4.23, 4278.14) = 1.60, P = 0.17 | 4.6 | 95.4 | F(4.2, 4234.93) = 2.28, P = 0.06 | 14.2 | 85.8 | F(4.64, 4695.18) = 0.86, P = 0.50 | 59.2 | 40.8 | F(5, 5018.20) = 4.23, P = 0.001 |
| Currently laid off or on furlough | 4.6 | 95.4 | 9.0 | 91.0 | 5.8 | 94.2 | 11.9 | 88.1 | 49.2 | 50.8 | |||||
| Retired | 4.0 | 96.0 | 4.6 | 95.4 | 2.2 | 97.8 | 18.0 | 82.0 | 51.4 | 48.6 | |||||
| Homemaker | 5.6 | 94.4 | 5.7 | 94.3 | 0.9 | 99.1 | 15.0 | 85.0 | 44.4 | 55.6 | |||||
| Full-time student | 2.1 | 97.9 | 0.9 | 99.1 | 0.9 | 99.1 | 6.5 | 93.5 | 19.3 | 80.7 | |||||
| Other | 8.2 | 91.8 | 15.5 | 84.5 | 9.1 | 90.9 | 19.3 | 80.7 | 50.5 | 49.5 | |||||
| Confidence in scientists | |||||||||||||||
| Low confidence | 11.6 | 88.4 | F(1, 1011) = 9.94, P = 0.002 | 11.9 | 88.1 | F(1, 1011) = 12.11, P = 0.001 | 5.7 | 94.3 | F(1, 1011) = 4.70, P = 0.03 | 16.3 | 83.7 | F(1, 1011) = 0.93, P = 0.34 | 62.9 | 37.1 | F(1, 1011) = 15.77, P = 0.000 |
| High confidence | 4.5 | 95.5 | 3.6 | 96.4 | 2.5 | 97.5 | 13.6 | 86.4 | 46.7 | 53.3 | |||||
a
For the combined variable, scores range 5–20 with a median of 18. Low adherence groups are those scoring less than the median (<18).