Table 2.
Risk of Developing COVID-19, Mortality, and Back Pain Among Those With a Current Combination Prescription of Metformin and Other Glucose-Lowering Agents Compared With a Current Prescription of Other Glucose-Lowering Agents Only
| Confirmed COVID-19 | Suspected/Confirmed COVID-19 | COVID-19-related death | All-cause mortality | Back pain | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed group (MF+) | Comparator group (MF−) | Exposed group (MF+) | Comparator group (MF−) | Exposed group (MF+) | Comparator group (MF−) | Exposed group (MF+) | Comparator group (MF−) | Exposed group (MF+) | Comparator group (MF−) | |
| Unmatched analysis | ||||||||||
| Total number of patients | 29 558 | 10 271 | 29 558 | 10 271 | 29 558 | 10 271 | 29 558 | 10 271 | 29 558 | 10 271 |
| Number of outcomes | 110 | 54 | 415 | 188 | 31 | 21 | 403 | 275 | 315 | 109 |
| Person-years (py) | 20 454 | 7038 | 20 351 | 6993 | 20 486 | 7055 | 20 486 | 7055 | 20 364 | 7010 |
| Incidence rate (per 1000 py) | 5.4 | 7.7 | 20.4 | 26.9 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 19.7 | 39.0 | 15.5 | 15.6 |
| Crude hazard ratio (95% CI) | 0.70 (0.51, 0.97) | 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) | 0.51 (0.29, 0.89) | 0.51 (0.43, 0.59) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.24) | |||||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | 0.75 (0.54, 1.04) | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.74 (0.42, 1.32) | 0.72 (0.62, 0.85) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.26) | |||||
| Matched analysis | ||||||||||
| Total number of patientsb | 10 183 | 10 183 | 10 183 | 10 183 | 10 183 | 10 183 | 10 183 | 10 183 | 10 183 | 10 183 |
| Number of outcomesb | 47 | 53 | 172 | 186 | 17 | 20 | 214 | 266 | 107 | 108 |
| Person-years (py) b | 7010 | 6980 | 6969 | 6935 | 7023 | 6998 | 7023 | 6998 | 6981 | 6952 |
| Incidence rate (per 1000 py) b | 6.7 | 7.6 | 24.7 | 26.8 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 30.5 | 38.0 | 15.3 | 15.5 |
| Crude hazard ratio (95% CI)ǂ | 0.78 (0.48, 1.28) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.08) | 0.76 (0.29, 1.97) | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) | |||||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) ab | 0.80 (0.49, 1.30) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.08) | 0.87 (0.34, 2.20) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) |
Exposed group: patients with a current combination prescription of metformin and other glucose-lowering agents; Comparator group: patients with a current prescription of other glucose-lowering agents
a Adjusted for: age, sex, smoking status, high alcohol consumption (alcoholism), body mass index categories, total cholesterol categories, high-density lipoprotein categories, albumin-creatinine ratio categories, estimated glomerular filtration rate categories, HbA1c categories, atrial fibrillation, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, prescriptions of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, other antihypertensive drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, antiplatelets, anticoagulants, diabetes complications, diabetes duration, respiratory disease, cancers, immunosuppressant therapies, and systemic corticosteroid use.
b Data were presented for the first multiple imputed propensity score–matched cohort.