Table 1.
Characteristics of OHCA patients in relation to period and COVID-19 status
| Period |
During pandemica
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-pandemic | Pandemic | SMD | No infection | Ongoing infection | Unknown/NA | SMD | |
| n | 930 | 1016 | 334 | 88 | 455 | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 70.8 (16.6) | 69.6 (17.8) | 0.071 | 70.6 (16.4) | 66.5 (18.4) | 70.0 (17.6) | 0.130 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 326 (35.1) | 319 (32.6) | 0.055 | 93 (28.4) | 29 (33.3) | 146 (33.6) | 0.073 |
| Location of cardiac arrest, n (%) | 0.021 | 0.249 | |||||
| Home | 710 (76.3) | 784 (77.2) | 257 (76.9) | 77 (87.5) | 337 (74.1) | ||
| Public place | 129 (13.9) | 138 (13.6) | 35 (10.5) | 5 (5.7) | 82 (18.0) | ||
| Other place | 91 (9.8) | 94 (9.3) | 42 (12.6) | 6 (6.8) | 36 (7.9) | ||
| Time to EMS arrival, min, median (IQR) | 12.00 (7.00–19.00) | 12.00 (7.00–20.00) | 0.030 | 12.00 (7.00–21.00) | 11.00 (6.00–19.00) | 12.00 (7.00–19.00) | 0.065 |
| Time to CPR, min, median (IQR) | 2.00 (0.00–8.00) | 2.00 (0.00–9.00) | 0.004 | 2.00 (0.00–9.00) | 4.00 (0.00–10.00) | 2.00 (0.00–9.00) | 0.103 |
| Time to defibrillation, min, median (IQR) | 13.00 (8.00–20.00) | 14.00 (9.00–24.00) | 0.087 | 14.00 (8.00–23.00) | 15.00 (10.50–25.00) | 15.00 (10.00–24.00) | 0.105 |
| Aetiology, n (%) | 0.337 | 0.433 | |||||
| Medical condition | 785 (90.8) | 640 (80.2) | 230 (81.3) | 50 (73.5) | 271 (81.1) | ||
| Trauma | 19 (2.2) | 26 (3.3) | 7 (2.5) | 1 (1.5) | 15 (4.5) | ||
| Intoxication | 26 (3.0) | 34 (4.3) | 10 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (5.4) | ||
| Drowning | 1 (0.1) | 12 (1.5) | 3 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.2) | ||
| Electrical accident | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | ||
| Asphyxia | 34 (3.9) | 84 (10.5) | 32 (11.3) | 17 (25.0) | 25 (7.5) | ||
| Witnessed arrest, n (%) | 534 (57.5) | 571 (57.6) | 0.002 | 203 (61.5) | 53 (63.1) | 243 (55.1) | 0.095 |
| Bystander witnessed, n (%) | 453 (85.8) | 454 (94.0) | 0.275 | 158 (95.8) | 37 (94.9) | 201 (93.1) | 0.189 |
| Bystander defibrillated, n (%) | 13 (22.0) | 12 (32.4) | 0.235 | 4 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (42.1) | 0.622 |
| Initial rhythm, n (%) | 0.017 | 0.232 | |||||
| Ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia | 168 (20.6) | 170 (20.2) | 63 (22.8) | 6 (7.5) | 80 (21.6) | ||
| Pulseless electrical activity | 139 (17.0) | 148 (17.6) | 49 (17.8) | 19 (23.8) | 62 (16.8) | ||
| Asystole | 510 (62.4) | 522 (62.1) | 164 (59.4) | 55 (68.8) | 228 (61.6) | ||
| Bystander CPR, n (%) | 0.256 | 0.282 | |||||
| No | 2 (0.4) | 10 (1.7) | 3 (1.6) | 3 (5.9) | 3 (1.1) | ||
| Chest compressions | 354 (66.2) | 439 (74.8) | 142 (74.3) | 40 (78.4) | 200 (75.8) | ||
| Ventilation | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| Compressions + ventilation | 178 (33.3) | 136 (23.2) | 45 (23.6) | 8 (15.7) | 60 (22.7) | ||
| Defibrillated, n (%) | 260 (28.2) | 275 (30.2) | 0.044 | 102 (33.6) | 16 (21.3) | 124 (30.2) | 0.146 |
| Adrenaline given, n (%) | 683 (73.5) | 770 (80.0) | 0.153 | 257 (80.3) | 71 (85.5) | 344 (80.0) | 0.152 |
| Amiodarone given, n (%) | 94 (10.2) | 110 (13.1) | 0.089 | 42 (15.1) | 3 (4.2) | 53 (13.9) | 0.207 |
| Active temperature control, n (%) | 31 (34.4) | 11 (26.2) | 0.180 | 3 (14.3) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (25.0) | 0.272 |
| Coronary angiography, n (%) | 44 (38.9) | 13 (25.0) | 0.302 | 9 (36.0) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.641 |
| Follow-up | |||||||
| ROSC, n (%) | 310 (33.4) | 297 (30.3) | 0.067 | 106 (32.3) | 22 (25.9) | 126 (29.1) | 0.094 |
| Treatment completed before hospital arrival, n (%) | 1.097 | 0.612 | |||||
| No | 469 (50.4) | 508 (50.2) | 180 (54.1) | 42 (48.3) | 217 (47.8) | ||
| Yes | 51 (5.5) | 398 (39.3) | 120 (36.0) | 37 (42.5) | 186 (41.0) | ||
| Unknown | 410 (44.1) | 106 (10.5) | 33 (9.9) | 8 (9.2) | 51 (11.2) | ||
| Discharged alive, n (%) | 65 (38.9) | 17 (33.3) | 0.117 | 9 (36.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 0.641 |
| Death within 30 days, n (%) | 833 (89.6) | 905 (89.1) | 0.016 | 291 (87.1) | 84 (95.5) | 408 (89.7) | 0.151 |
| Death, overall, n (%) | 838 (90.1) | 908 (89.4) | 0.024 | 293 (87.7) | 84 (95.5) | 408 (89.7) | 0.144 |
a
All 139 cases who were enrolled during the pandemic before data on COVID-19 were recorded have been excluded.
Abbreviations: SMD = standardized mean difference; CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS = emergency medical services (ambulance and first responders); ROSC = return of spontaneous circulation.
The variable discharge alive only includes cases who were hospitalized