Table 3.
Published studies on HD patients
| Author | Year | No of patients | Outcome measure | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Khader [27] | 1991 | 40 | IDWG and change in electrolytes | Mean IDWG pre-Ramadan 2.2 ± 0.3 kg, during Ramadan 2.84 ± 0.35 kg, none presented with pulmonary oedema, patients fasted on non-dialysis days. Potassium mean pre-Ramadan 5.05 ± 0.4 mmol/L, during Ramadan 5.76 ± 0.45 mmol/L |
| Adnan et al. [28] | 2014 | 35 | Dialysis and biochemical parameters | Weight reduction was seen in all patients, no difference in IDWG, number of hypotensive episodes was lower at the end of Ramadan compared with pre-Ramadan. No difference in potassium or significant elevations. No difference in urea reduction ratio, albumin level was high and phosphate was lower at the end of Ramadan |
| Alshamsi et al. [29] | 2016 | 635 | Biochemical and dialysis parameters | Other than phosphate level, which was higher in the fasting group, no other differences in dialysis or biochemical parameters were observed |
| Imtiaz et al. [30] | 2016 | 252 did not fast and 34 fasted | Biochemical parameters | Albumin was higher in the fasting group, no other significant differences between groups |
| Khazneh et al. [31] | 2019 |
269 There were three groups: non-fasting; fasting, who fasted every day including dialysis days; and partially fasting, who fasted on non-dialysis days |
IDWG and biochemical parameters | Higher IDWG in the fasting group, higher potassium by 0.48 mEq/L in the fasting group compared with non-fasting |
| Megahed [32] | 2019 | 965 in fasting group and 1090 non-fasters | Dialysis parameters and mortality | Potassium was <5 mmol/L in all groups, mortality was higher in non-fasting group, patients in the fasting group were younger and had fewer comorbidities |
| Al Wakeel et al. [14] | 2014 | 32 | Biochemical parameters | Significant increase in phosphate, hyperkalaemia in 15.6% and hyponatraemia in 28%. No hospital admissions were observed |
| Adanan et al. [33] | 2020 | 87 | BMI, interdialytic weight gain and dialysis parameters | Intermittent fasting during Ramadan led to reduced BMI, IDWG and other nutritional parameters. Improvement seen in phosphate, albumin and urea levels |
BMI, body mass index.