Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of case and control group patients
| Variables | Patients with AKI (n = 548) | Patients without AKI (n = 548) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | 0.02 | ||
| Females | 176 (32.12) | 225 (41.06) | |
| Males | 372 (67.88) | 323 (58.94) | |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 75.09 (13.65) | 68.93 (14.51) | <0.001 |
| Females | 78.79 (11.50) | 73.56 (12.73) | |
| Males | 73.35 (S14.25) | 65.70 (14.81) | |
| Cardiopathy, n (%) | 198 (36.2) | 115 (21.06) | <0.001 |
| Females | 66 (37.5) | 56 (25.00) | |
| Males | 132 (35.58) | 59 (18.32) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 426 (78.02) | 275 (50.18) | <0.001 |
| Females | 148 (84.09) | 142 (63.11) | |
| Males | 278 (75.14) | 133 (41.18) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 217 (39.67) | 111 (20.26) | <0.001 |
| Females | 70 (39.77) | 48 (21.33) | |
| Males | 147 (39.62) | 63 (19.50) | |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 176 (32.3) | 135 (24.64) | 0.09 |
| Asthma | 45 (8.26) | 39 (7.12) | |
| COPD | 92 (16.88) | 79 (14.42) | |
| OSA | 39 (7.16) | 17 (3.10) | |
| Smokers, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Active smokers | 33 (6.35) | 19 (3.79) | |
| Former smokers | 182 (35.00) | 102 (20.36) | |
| CKD, n (%) | 225 (41.05) | 45 (15.36) | <0.001 |
| Stage 2 | 25 (11.11) | 6 (13.34) | |
| Stage 3a | 101 (44.89) | 23 (51.11) | |
| Stage 3b | 74 (32.89) | 12 (26.67) | |
| Stage 4 | 25 (11.11) | 4 (8.89) | |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 41 (7.51) | 12 (2.20) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 74 (13.5) | 51 (9.31) | 0.09 |
| Solid neoplasm | 54 (9.87) | 39 (7.14) | |
| Haematologic | 20 (3.66) | 12 (2.20) | |
| Obesity, n (%) | 182 (34.67) | 91 (18.96) | <0.001 |
| Female | 56 (33.53) | 39 (20.42) | |
| Male | 126 (35.20) | 52 (17.99) | |
| Immunologic/inflammatory disease, n (%) | 41 (7.50) | 46 (8.39) | 0.58 |
| ACEi, n (%) | 180 (32.91) | 116 (23.02) | <0.001 |
| ARBs, n (%) | 153 (27.97) | 65 (12.90) | <0.001 |
| Corticosteroids, n (%) | 22 (4.02) | 18 (3.58) | 0.71 |
| Statins, n (%) | 266 (48.63) | 103 (28.93) | <0.001 |
| Chemotherapy, n (%) | 22 (4.02) | 14 (2.78) | 0.27 |
| Immunotherapy, n (%) | 3 (0.55) | 4 (0.79) | 0.65a |
| PCR SARS-CoV-2+, n (%) | 412 (75.60) | 476 (84.7) | <0.05 |
| At admission | |||
| Fever, n (%) | 352 (60.58) | 410 (74.14) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal losses, n (%) | 106 (19.34) | 123 (22.4) | 0.21 |
| Mean (SD) systolic pressure, mmHg | 125.88 (24.57) | 133.01 (22.15) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) diastolic pressure, mmHg | 70.18 (15.19) | 77.30 (13.90) | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 complications, n (%) | |||
| ARDS | 179 (32.66) | 81 (15.31) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 59 (10.77) | 17 (3.23) | <0.001 |
| DIC | 15 (2.74) | 6 (1.14) | 0.08 |
| PTE | 15 (2.74) | 15 (2.74) | 1.00 |
Obesity was defined as a body mass index >30. Immunologic/inflammatory diseases included rheumatologic diseases, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, miastenia gravis and thyroid autoimmune diseases.
a
Fisher’s exact test.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; PTE, pulmonary thromboembolism.