Table 3.
Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 by Race/Ethnicity
| Hispanic, No. (%) | Black, No. (%) | Asian, No. (%) | NH/PI, No. (%) | AI/AN, No. (%) | White, No. (%) | Other, No. (%) | Unknown, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Total no. of patients | 2898 | 368 | 533 | 98 | 77 | 3751 | 485 | 326 |
| Age, y | 57.6 ± 17.0 | 61.9 ± 16.7 | 67.4 ± 17.0 | 55.9 ± 17.3 | 58.3 ± 15.6 | 70.5 ± 16.2 | 65.5 ± 16.6 | 62.5 ± 17.2 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 1255 (43.3) | 163 (44.3) | 254 (47.7) | 50 (51.0) | 33 (42.9) | 1762 (47.0) | 229 (47.2) | 139 (42.6) |
| Male | 1643 (56.7) | 205 (55.7) | 279 (52.3) | 48 (49.0) | 44 (57.1) | 1989 (53.0) | 256 (52.8) | 187 (57.4) |
| Insurance | ||||||||
| Commercial | 546 (18.8) | 66 (17.9) | 141 (26.5) | 29 (29.6) | 10 (13.0) | 532 (14.2) | 99 (20.4) | 71 (21.8) |
| Medicaid | 1873 (64.6) | 229 (62.2) | 250 (46.9) | 46 (46.9) | 46 (59.7) | 1461 (38.9) | 264 (54.4) | 158 (48.5) |
| Medicare | 353 (12.2) | 69 (18.8) | 130 (24.4) | 19 (19.4) | 21 (27.3) | 1711 (45.6) | 107 (22.1) | 85 (26.1) |
| Uninsured/self-pay | 77 (2.7) | 4 (1.1) | 6 (1.1) | 3 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (0.4) | 3 (0.6) | 6 (1.8) |
| Other insurance | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Neighborhood-level | ||||||||
| Median income | 62 443 ± 16 270 | 65 898 ± 21 196 | 76 028 ± 24 288 | 64 616 ± 20 996 | 63 676 ± 18 927 | 72 623 ± 24 352 | 72 011 ± 25 977 | 71 588 ± 25 702 |
| % Crowded housing | 12.4 ± 7.9 | 8.4 ± 6.9 | 6.6 ± 5.6 | 5.1 ± 4.5 | 3.9 ± 3.5 | 4.7 ± 4.6 | 7.5 ± 6.2 | 5.9 ± 5.6 |
| % Minority | 67.5 ± 24.8 | 61.8 ± 27.5 | 51.2 ± 21.5 | 40.0 ± 23.4 | 34.1 ± 20.4 | 35.0 ± 20.5 | 50.5 ± 23.2 | 42.7 ± 22.5 |
| % Limited English | 22.9 ± 10.7 | 16.6 ± 9.5 | 16.1 ± 9.5 | 11.4 ± 8.5 | 6.7 ± 6.1 | 10.7 ± 9.4 | 17.6 ± 10.8 | 12.9 ± 9.4 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 861 (29.7) | 191 (51.9) | 242 (45.4) | 43 (43.9) | 35 (45.5) | 1751 (46.7) | 189 (39.0) | 121 (37.1) |
| Diabetes | 851/2893 (29.4) | 145 (39.4) | 182 (34.1) | 43 (43.9) | 24 (31.2) | 966/3744 (25.8) | 123/484 (25.4) | 85 (26.1) |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Underweight | 47/2891 (1.6) | 14/367 (3.8) | 37/530 (7.0) | 3 (3.1) | 2 (2.6) | 142/3732 (3.8) | 8/482 (1.7) | 9 (2.8) |
| Normal | 528/2891 (18.3) | 85/367 (23.2) | 247/530 (46.6) | 19 (19.4) | 15 (19.5) | 982/3732 (26.3) | 116/482 (24.1) | 78 (23.9) |
| Overweight | 919/2891 (31.8) | 105/367 (28.6) | 165/530 (31.1) | 25 (25.5) | 20 (26.0) | 1069/3732 (28.6) | 161/482 (33.4) | 109 (33.4) |
| Class 1 obesity | 735/2891 (25.4) | 77/367 (21.0) | 52/530 (9.8) | 20 (20.4) | 17 (22.1) | 737/3732 (19.7) | 109/482 (22.6) | 54 (16.6) |
| Class 2 obesity | 348/2891 (12.0) | 40/367 (10.9) | 14/530 (2.6) | 12 (12.2) | 10 (13.0) | 399/3732 (10.7) | 51/482 (10.6) | 50 (15.3) |
| Class 3 obesity | 314/2891 (10.9) | 46/367 (12.5) | 15/530 (2.8) | 19 (19.4) | 13 (16.9) | 403/3732 (10.8) | 37/482 (7.7) | 26 (8.0) |
| Chronic respiratory disease | ||||||||
| Asthma | 131 (4.5) | 32 (8.7) | 38 (7.1) | 13 (13.3) | 13 (16.9) | 297 (7.9%) | 31 (6.4) | 19 (5.8) |
| COPD | 56 (1.9) | 35 (9.5) | 26 (4.9) | 3 (3.1) | 13 (16.9 | 530 (14.1) | 33 (6.8) | 16 (4.9) |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 121 (4.2) | 25 (6.8) | 54 (10.1) | 10 (10.2) | 7 (9.1) | 540 (14.4) | 47 (9.7) | 25 (7.7) |
| Myocardial infarction | 96 (3.3) | 28 (7.6) | 35 (6.6) | 6 (6.1) | 4 (5.2) | 245 (6.5) | 33 (6.8) | 26 (8.0) |
| Congestive heart failure | 207 (7.1) | 60 (16.3) | 57 (10.7) | 12 (12.2) | 12 (15.6) | 683 (18.2) | 61 (12.6) | 37 (11.3) |
| Kidney disease | 389 (13.4) | 81 (22.0) | 106 (19.9) | 21 (21.4) | 12 (15.6) | 749 (20.0) | 74 (15.3) | 37 (11.3) |
| Liver disease | 97/2893 (3.4) | 11 (3.0) | 27 (5.1) | 2 (2.0) | 16 (20.8) | 162/3744 (4.3) | 13/484 (2.7) | 17 (5.2) |
| Cancer | 97/2893 (3.4) | 22 (6.0) | 26 (4.9) | 2 (2.0) | 8 (10.4) | 349/3744 (9.3) | 19/484 (3.9) | 16 (4.9) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (range) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 4.0 (1.0–6.0) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | 2.0 (1.0–5.0) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | 4.0 (3.0–7.0) | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) |
| Presenting vital signs | ||||||||
| Temperature ≥38ºC | 655/2604 (25.2) | 75/313 (24.0) | 120/497 (24.1) | 15/90 (16.7) | 15/71 (21.1) | 700/3410 (20.5) | 78/429 (18.2) | 60/295 (20.3) |
| Oxygen saturation <94% | 1327 (45.8) | 118 (32.1) | 225 (42.2) | 37 (37.8) | 29 (37.7) | 1496 (39.9) | 191 (39.4) | 139 (42.6) |
| Respiration rate >24 breaths/min | 1072/2851 (37.6) | 97/358 (27.1) | 206/525 (39.2) | 28/96 (29.2) | 26/75 (34.7) | 949/3681 (25.8) | 154/476 (32.4) | 103/322 (32.0) |
| Baseline clinical laboratory values | ||||||||
| White blood cell >12 × 109/L | 454/2827 (16.1) | 50/353 (14.2) | 68/525 (13.0) | 17/97 (17.5) | 16/75 (21.3) | 426/3656 (11.7) | 49/473 (10.4) | 39/312 (12.5) |
| Lymphocyte <1 × 109/L | 1548/2666 (58.1) | 151/322 (46.9) | 322/500 (64.4) | 54/90 (60.0) | 41/69 (59.4) | 2077/3432 (60.5) | 271/448 (60.5) | 170/293 (58.0) |
| Platelet, <150 000 × 109/L | 466/2825 (16.5) | 66/353 (18.7) | 111/525 (21.1) | 20/97 (20.6) | 12/75 (16.0) | 882/3654 (24.1) | 112/473 (23.7) | 54/312 (17.3) |
| AST >40 U/L | 1387/2616 (53.0) | 153/323 (47.4) | 328/491 (66.8) | 51/91 (56.0) | 39/74 (52.7) | 1487/3424 (43.4) | 206/443 (46.5) | 158/293 (53.9) |
| ALT >40 U/L | 1026/2612 (39.3) | 97/317 (30.6) | 206/488 (42.2) | 33/90 (36.7) | 22/74 (29.7) | 967/3418 (28.3) | 161/444 (36.3) | 122/289 (42.2) |
| BUN >20 mg/dL | 897/2813 (31.9) | 166/350 (47.4) | 238/524 (45.4) | 45/94 (47.9) | 23/76 (30.3) | 1703/3662 (46.5) | 181/471 (38.4) | 124/314 (39.5) |
| Creatinine >1.5 mg/dL | 412/2816 (14.6) | 97/351 (27.6) | 96/525 (18.3) | 23/95 (24.2) | 14/76 (18.4) | 640/3668 (17.4) | 83/471 (17.6) | 49/314 (15.6) |
| Total bilirubin >1.2 mg/dL | 121/2327 (5.2) | 19/318 (6.0) | 25/481 (5.2) | 14/90 (15.6) | 15/72 (20.8) | 179/3140 (5.7) | 14/423 (3.3) | 20/273 (7.3) |
| Sodium <130 mmol/L | 220/2812 (7.8) | 10/350 (2.9) | 53/524 (10.1) | 12/94 (12.8) | 12/76 (15.8) | 193/3662 (5.3) | 28/471 (5.9) | 20/314 (6.4) |
| Baseline clinical statusa | ||||||||
| WHO score 3 | 1506/2891 (52.1) | 225/366 (61.5) | 255 (47.8) | 52 (53.1) | 50 (64.9) | 2134/3747 (57.0) | 254/483 (52.6) | 188 (57.7) |
| WHO score 4 | 1065/2891 (36.8) | 106/366 (29.0) | 224 (42.0) | 37 (37.8) | 16 (20.8) | 1361/3747 (36.3) | 185/483 (38.3) | 109 (33.4) |
| WHO score 5 | 228/2891 (7.9) | 22/366 (6.0) | 37 (6.9) | 6 (6.1) | 9 (11.7) | 185/3747 (4.9) | 31/483 (6.4) | 16 (4.9) |
| WHO score 6 | 49/2891 (1.7) | 10/366 (2.7) | 6 (1.1) | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 36/3747 (1.0) | 8/483 (1.7) | 6 (1.8) |
| WHO score 7 | 43/2891 (1.5) | 3/366 (0.8) | 11 (2.1) | 1 (1.0) | 2 (2.6) | 31/3747 (0.8) | 5/483 (1.0) | 7 (2.1) |
| Clinical course | ||||||||
| ICU admissions | 930 (32.1) | 105 (28.5) | 201 (37.7) | 33 (33.7) | 25 (32.5) | 1144 (30.5) | 192 (39.6) | 107 (32.8) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 537 (18.5) | 58 (15.8) | 92 (17.3) | 16 (16.3) | 12 (15.6) | 417 (11.1) | 79 (16.3) | 55 (16.9) |
| Hospital mortality | 408 (14.1) | 52 (14.1) | 80 (15.0) | 13 (13.3) | 16 (20.8) | 568 (15.1) | 69 (14.2) | 40 (12.3) |
| Discharged alive | 2462 (85.0) | 315 (85.6) | 446 (83.7) | 83 (84.7) | 60 (77.9) | 3169 (84.5) | 412 (84.9) | 283 (86.8) |
| Continued hospitalization | 28 (1.0) | 1 (0.3) | 7 (1.3) | 2 (2.0) | 1 (1.3) | 14 (0.4) | 4 (0.8) | 3 (0.9) |
Abbreviations: AI/AN, American Indian/Alaska Native; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ICU, intensive care unit; NH/PI, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander; WHO, World Health Organization.
aMeasured on the WHO Clinical Progression Scale, as defined as: WHO score 3, hospitalized, no oxygen therapy; WHO score 4, hospitalized, oxygen by mask or nasal prongs; WHO score 5, hospitalized, noninvasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen; WHO score 6, hospitalized, intubation and mechanical ventilation; WHO score 7, hospitalized, ventilation + additional organ support.