Fig. 3. D-prime and activation changes during temporal order recognition.

(A) After word list encoding, word triplets were presented in the same or a different order as studied previously and participants were asked to judge the order. (B) Athlete study: Recognition performance (d-prime) for memory athletes and matched controls. **P < 0.001. (C) Training study: Change in d-prime (from pre- to post-training sessions) across the groups (main effect of group, P = 0.133). Error bars (B and C) reflect the SEM. See also Table 2 for an overview of recognition performance across the groups. (D) Athlete study: Brain activation during temporal order recognition (recognition > baseline) is decreased in memory athletes compared to matched controls (see Results for MNI coordinates). (E) Training study: Brain activation is significantly decreased in the memory training group after training when compared to passive controls (group × session interaction; see table S3). Results are shown at P < 0.05 FWE-corrected at cluster level (cluster-defining threshold P < 0.001).