Table 2. Free recall and recognition performance across groups of the training study.

Free recall performance during the immediate and delayed free recall tests, performance during the retest after 4 months, as well as d-prime scores during temporal order recognition. Values represent the average number of freely recalled words/d-prime ± SD.

	Memory training group (n = 17)	Active controls (n = 16)	Passive controls (n = 17)
Free recall performance
Pre-training session	25.2 ± 16.9	30.7 ± 14.6	28.9 ± 15.4
Immediate free recall after 20 min
Pre-training session	16.1 ± 14.2	19.4 ± 12.5	18.5 ± 15.4
Delayed free recall after 24 hours
Post-training session	62.2 ± 10.9	41.7 ± 16.3	36.4 ± 19.4
Immediate free recall after 20 min
Post-training session	56.2 ± 16.2	30.5 ± 17.8	21.4 ± 19
Delayed free recall after 24 hours
Retest after 4 months	50.3 ± 16.5 (n = 16)	30.4 ± 9.9 (n = 14)	27.4 ± 9.8 (n = 15)
Change in free recall performance	22.7 ± 18.8 (n = 16)	−0.7 ± 9.9(n = 14)	−1.5 ± 11.2 (n = 15)
(4 months > pre-training, immediate test)
Temporal order recognition
Pre-training session, d-prime	1.3 ± 1.3	1.6 ± 0.5	1.6 ± 1.1
Post-training session, d-prime	2.5 ± 0.6	2.1 ± 1.3	2.3 ± 0.9