Table 1.
Description of main studies performing organoid transplantation.
| Organ | Ref. | Cell source | Receiver | Extracellular matrix | Time of evaluation after transplantation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intestine | [46] | Rat/mouse neonatal small bowel | Adult male Lewis rat or wild-type mice | Extracellular matrix gel | 2, 3, or 6 weeks |
| Intestine | [47] | EGFP+ mouse crypt cells | Immunocompromised Rag2–/– mice | Matrigel-containing PBS | 6 d, 16 d, 4 weeks |
| Intestine | [38] | Human ESCs or iPSCs | NSG IL2Rg-null mice | Type I collagen | 6 weeks |
| Intestine | [48] | H9 human ESCs | NSG IL2Rg-null mice | Type I collagen | 16 weeks |
| Intestine | [49] | Human ESCs or iPSCs | NSG IL2Rg-null mice | PEG-4MAL | 12 weeks |
| Intestine | [50] | Human iPSCs | NSG IL2Rg-null mice | Matrigel | 1 week, 3 h |
| Intestine | [51] | H1 ESC | NSG IL2Rg-null mice | Matrigel | 10 weeks |
| Pancreas | [52] | hPSCs | Immune-deficient mice | Matrigel | 5 weeks |
| Pancreas | [53] | hESC | Nude mice | Growth factor-reduced Matrigel | 30 d, 60 d, 90 d |
| Pancreas | [54] | ICs and hAECs | Diabetic SCID mice | Agarose | 1 month |
| Liver | [37] | hiPSC, HUVEC, MSC | NOD/SCID mice | Matrigel diluted with EGM | Multiple time points, ranging from 0 to 60 days |
| Liver | [44] | iPS-H and stromal cells | C57BL/6 mice | 2D: Matrigel; 3D: Pluronic f127; and transplant: alginate to encapsulate | Twice a week, 3 d postoperation until day 24 |
| Liver | [55] | hiPSC endoderm, EC and MSC | Alb-TRECK/SCID mice | Growth factor-reduced Matrigel diluted with SFD medium | Every 5 d until the 20th day |
| Retina | [56] | Wild-type E14TG2a mES | Prom1−/− and tg(Cpfl1;Rho−/−) mice | Growth factor-reduced Matrigel | 3 to 4 weeks |
| Retina | [57] | mESC (E16 CEE and Crx-GFP line) | Wild-type and Aipl1−/− mice | Growth factor-reduced Matrigel | 3 weeks |
| Retina | [58] | hESC | SD-Foxn1 Tg(S334ter)3Lav | Growth factor-reduced Matrigel | 54 to 300 d |
| Kidney | [59] | Single-cell suspensions derived from E11.5 CD1 mouse kidneys | Male athymic nude rats | — | 3 and 6 weeks |
| Kidney | [60] | hESC and hPSC | NOD/SCID mice | Vitronectin-coated culture dishes | 7 d and 28 d |
| Kidney | [61] | hPSC | CAM of 7-day-old chick embryos | Vitronectin-coated culture dishes | 3 to 5 d |
| Kidney | [62] | E11.5 mouse embryonic kidneys | NOD/SCID mice | Atelocollagen membranes | 7 d |
| Brain | [63] | hPSC | NOD/SCID mice | Matrigel | 0.5–8 months |
| Brain | [64] | hESC or hiPSC (H9 hES cells, WAe009-A) | P8-P10 CD1 mice | Matrigel | In 2 and 4 weeks |
| Brain | [65] | hESCs | Sprague-Dawley rats | Matrigel | 4 weeks |
| Brain | [66] | hESCs and hiPSCs | SCID mice | — | 1–5 months |
| Heart | [67] | hESC coculture with hESC-MSC, CPC, and EC | Male nude mice (25–30 g, B6NU) | Matrigel | 12.5 d, 4 weeks |
| Lung | [68] | hESCs | NSG mice | With or without PLG and/or Matrigel | 4, 6, 8, 12, or 15 weeks |
| Lung | [69] | hESCs and iPSCs | NSG mice | Matrigel | 1.5, 5, or 7 months |
| Lung | [70] | HBEpC, HMVEC-L, and HLF | NSG mice | Matrigel | 1 or 6 weeks |
| Lung | [71] | CD45− EPCAM+β4− AT2 cells | Influenza-infected mice | Matrigel | 13 d |
| Lung | [72] | hESCs | NSG mice | PEG, PLG, and PCL | Between 1 and 8 weeks |
Abbreviations: (h/m) ESC: human/mouse embryonic stem cells; Aipl1−/− mice: a model of end-stage retinal degeneration; AT2: alveolar type 2 cells; CAM: chick chorioallantoic membrane; Crx-GFP ESC lines: ESC lines of transgenic mouse line expressing GFP with control of endogenous photoreceptor-specific promoter Crx; d: day(s); EC: endothelial cells; h: hour(s); hAECs: human amniotic epithelial cells; HBEpC: human bronchial epithelial cells; HLF: human lung fibroblasts; HLO: hPSC-derived lung organoids; HMVEC-L: human microvascular lung endothelial cells; ICs: islet cells; iPS-H: human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells; iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; NSG mice: nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCL: polycaprolactone; PEG: poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel; PEG-4MAL: four-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromer with maleimide groups at each terminus; PLG: poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds; Prom1−/− mice: prominin1-deficient mice; PSC: pluripotent stem cells; SC: superior colliculus; SD-Foxn1 Tg(S334ter)3Lav: severe retinal degeneration immunodeficient nude rat; tg(Cpfl1;Rho−/−) mice: cone photoreceptor function loss 1 (Cpfl1) crossed with rhodopsin knockout mice (Rho−/−).