Table 2.
Design characteristics of the included mobile apps.
| App name | Therapeutic approach | Design method | Level of automation |
| CBT-Ia Coach | CBT-I including sleep restriction therapy, stimulus control, psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, and relapse prevention | •Multidisciplinary team, including experts in insomnia, VAb-trained CBT-I clinicians, clinical intervention development, technology, and implementation science • Clinician involvement in design |
Fully automated. However, it is not designed to replace clinician-delivered CBT-I; nonetheless, the app can be used as an educational resource |
| iRESTc | Traditional behavioral insomnia workflows, brief behavioral therapy for insomnia, a military study, and previous implementation of the JITAId platform | • Clinician involvement in design • Developed based on design principles: iterative and incremental development software model |
High clinician input regarding treatment, information, recommendations, and messaging |
| ShutEye | Mobile, peripheral display to provide real-time sleep hygiene recommendations, relevant to the users’ set bed and wake time goals | N/Ae | Fully automated |
| Sleepcare | CBT-I including sleep restriction, relaxation, and sleep hygiene | • End-user involvement • Developed based on persuasive strategies: talk-and-tool design principle |
Fully automated |
| SleepFix | Sleep restriction therapy and stimulus control | • End-user involvement • Multidisciplinary team |
Fully automated |
| Sleep Bunny | CBT-I and motivational interviewing and a telephone coaching manual developed from a web-based depression intervention | N/A | Fully automated |
| Somnometer | Social alarm clock app. Users rate their sleep quality and specify their sleep status, which they can share with their social network. Sleep duration is estimated based on the user’s phone interaction with app | N/A | Fully automated |
| Unnamed | CBT-I including sleep restriction therapy and stimulus control therapy | N/A | Clinician input required |
aCBT-I: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.
bVA: veterans affairs.
ciREST: Interactive Resilience Enhancing Sleep Tactics.
dJITAI: just-in-time adaptive intervention.
eN/A: not applicable.