Table 1.
Description of the Study Sample
| Overall |
Depression |
Anxiety |
High perceived stress |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | p | N (%) | p | N (%) | p | |
| Total | 1,476 (100) | 487 (33) | 579 (39) | 580 (39) | |||
| Food security status | |||||||
| High | 531 (36) | 71 (15) | <0.001 | 101 (17) | <0.001 | 85 (15) | <0.001 |
| Marginal | 289 (20) | 82 (17) | 113 (20) | 97 (17) | |||
| Low | 256 (17) | 103 (21) | 116 (20) | 121 (21) | |||
| Very low | 400 (27) | 231 (47) | 249 (43) | 277 (48) | |||
| Age | |||||||
| 18–39 | 635 (43) | 267 (55) | <0.001 | 306 (53) | <0.001 | 335 (58) | <0.001 |
| 40–59 | 427 (29) | 139 (29) | 177 (31) | 155 (27) | |||
| ≥60 | 414 (28) | 81 (17) | 96 (17) | 90 (16) | |||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 732 (50) | 228 (47) | 0.134 | 250 (43) | <0.001 | 246 (42) | <0.001 |
| Female | 744 (50) | 259 (53) | 239 (57) | 334 (58) | |||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 989 (67) | 317 (65) | 0.174 | 386 (67) | 0.045 | 384 (66) | 0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 161 (11) | 48 (10) | 50 (8.6) | 44 (8) | |||
| Hispanic | 185 (13) | 74 (15) | 87 (15) | 89 (15) | |||
| Asian | 73 (5) | 22 (5) | 27 (5) | 31 (5) | |||
| Other | 68 (5) | 26 (5) | 29 (5) | 32 (6) | |||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single, never married | 564 (38) | 193 (40) | 0.018 | 211 (37) | 0.001 | 232 (40) | 0.001 |
| Married | 447 (30) | 142 (29) | 178 (31) | 170 (29) | |||
| Separated, divorced, widowed | 311 (21) | 87 (18) | 108 (19) | 101 (17) | |||
| Living with a partner | 149 (10) | 63 (13) | 80 (14) | 77 (13) | |||
| Children <18 years of age in home | |||||||
| Yes | 444 (30) | 172 (35) | 0.002 | 207 (36) | <0.001 | 203 (35) | 0.001 |
| No | 1,032 (70) | 315 (65) | 372 (64) | 377 (65) | |||
| Income | |||||||
| <$35,000/year | 894 (61) | 295 (61) | 0.893 | 347 (60) | 0.921 | 349 (60) | 0.678 |
| $35,000 to <$59,000/year | 417 (28) | 140 (29) | 166 (29) | 170 (29) | |||
| ≥$59,000/year | 165 (11) | 52 (11) | 66 (11) | 61 (11) | |||
| Education | |||||||
| High school/GED | 438 (30) | 159 (33) | 0.045 | 170 (29) | 0.334 | 194 (33) | 0.010 |
| Some college | 524 (36) | 179 (37) | 218 (38) | 208 (36) | |||
| College/graduate degree | 514 (35) | 149 (31) | 191 (33) | 178 (31) | |||
| Employment status | |||||||
| Full-time job (hourly or salary) | 406 (28) | 137 (28) | 0.001 | 167 (29) | <0.001 | 159 (27) | <0.001 |
| Part-time job (hourly or salary) | 239 (16) | 86 (18) | 116 (20) | 114 (20) | |||
| Not working, looking for work | 197 (13) | 83 (17) | 89 (15) | 87 (15) | |||
| Not working, not looking for work | 415 (28) | 104 (21) | 115 (20) | 115 (20) | |||
| Homemaker | 141 (10) | 49 (10) | 63 (11) | 64 (11) | |||
| Other | 78 (5) | 28 (6) | 29 (5) | 41 (7) | |||
| Student | |||||||
| Yes | 95 (6) | 33 (7) | 0.709 | 39 (7) | 0.706 | 51 (9) | 0.003 |
| No | 1,381 (94) | 454 (93) | 540 (93) | 529 (91) | |||
Depression and anxiety were measured using the PHQ-4, and scores of ≥3 on the depression and anxiety subscales were considered positive for screening purposes. Perceived stress was measured using the PSS and a score of ≥20 was considered positive for high perceived stress.
PHQ-4, Patient Health Questionnaire-4; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale.